交际教学法及其在初中英语听说教学中的运用.docx

交际教学法及其在初中英语听说教学中的运用.docx

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交际教学法及其在初中英语听说教学中的运用

1.Introduction

CommunicativeLanguageTeaching（CLT）hasbeenintroducedintoChinaformiddleschoolEnglishteachingfornearlythedecade.Buttheeffectisnotsosatisfactoryasithadbeenexpected.TodayEnglishistaughtinsomanyplacesforsomanydifferentpurposes.ThenumberofpeoplewhoarelearningEnglishinChinaalsohasbeenincreasingquickly.

Traditionally,EnglishteachinginmiddleschoolsinChinahasbeendominatedbyteacher-centeredmode.Theteacherseldomasksstudentsanyquestionsormakesanycommunicationwiththem.Asaresult,itbringsthestudentspoorabilitiesandskillsoflisteningandspeaking.AfterstudyingEnglishforseveralyears,studentsremainatalosswhentheyhavetoexpressthemselvesinEnglish.EvenfortheEnglishmajorstudents,listeningcomprehensionisreallyaweaknessintheprofessionalexamination,letalonetheEnglishspeaking.

Inordertochangethissituation,sinceearly80soflastcentury,EnglishteachersinChinahavebeentryingtoimproveteachingmethod.Unfortunately,somephenomenaindicatethattheeffectofCLTisnotassatisfactoryaspeopleexpected.TherearesomedifficultiesinapplyingCLTinmiddleschoolinChina.

Thispaperattemptstoclarifycertainissuesfromtheperspectiveofapplyingthecommunicativeapproachanditsimplementationinteachinglisteningandspeakingformiddleschoolstudents,analyzethefactorswhichimpedetheeffects.Andtherelevantinformationanddataareallfromthepersonaleducationalpracticeandreallygetintouchwiththejuniormiddleschoolstudents.ThenaccordingtosomebasictheoriesofCLTwhichareclarifiedinthepaper,thewriterputsforwardsomesuggestionsforCLT’sapplicationinmiddleschool,suchasmultiplerolesofateacher,interactionbetweenteachersandstudents,stimulatingstudents’communicativemotivations,advantagesofcommunicatingforlisteningandspeaking.

1.1TheDefinitionoftheCommunicativeApproach

CommunicativeapproachisalsobenamedasFunctionalapproachorNotionalapproach.ItisformedbythetheoryofthelinguisticsHymesandHallidayduringtheyearof1960s.Itisoneoftheinfluentialforeignlanguageteachingschoolfromallaroundtheworld.Accordingtotheirtheory:

thegoaloflanguageteachingistotraintheabilityofthestudenttocommunicateinthetargetlanguage.Itisnotonlyincludingthestructureofthelanguage,butalsothecommonsentenceswhichisusedtoexpressvarietieskindsofconceptionandfunction.TheCommunicativeapproachfocusontrainingthelanguageabilitiesofthestudents,teachingthemtousethetrulyandauthenticlanguagematerials,combiningthesentencespatternswiththesituationsinlearningthelanguageandencouragingthestudentstocontactandusetheforeignlanguages.

Communicativeapproachisnotasingleandsettledteachingmethod.Thecorecontentofitisusinglanguagetolearnandlearningtouselanguage.Neitherthesimplelearninglanguagenorthelearningaboutlanguageistheessenceoftheapproach.Thefinalpurposeofteachingistomakethestudentstoobtainadequatecommunicationskills.Sothat,mostofthestudentscouldcommunicatewitheachotheroptionallyandfluentlyundertheclassroomcondition.Itisapracticalwaytograsptheforeignlanguageknowledgeandthecommunicationabilitybylistening,speaking,readingandwriting.

1.2NineFeaturesoftheCommunicativeApproach

Accordingtotheexperts,thetheoreticalframeworkforcommunicativecompetencebasicallyincludesfourareasofknowledgeandskills:

grammaticalcompetence,sociolinguisticcompetence,discoursecompetenceandstrategiccompetence.However,inprocessofthelanguageteaching,thereareninefeaturesexpressthedetailandtheessencesoftheCommunicativeapproach:

1）Focusingontheaimoftrainingthefunctionofcommunication.Declaringtheteachingobjectivesofthesecondlanguageteachingistotrainthecommunicativeabilitybyusingthelanguagecreatively.Itisnotonlyemphasizetheaccuracy,butalsotheappropriatenessofusinglanguage.

2）Insistonthefeatureideas.Accordingtotheactualdemandsandchoosingthenaturallanguagematerials,withoutusingthetreated“textbooklanguage”.

3）Tomakethecommunicativeteachingapproach.Communicationisboththepurposeandthemeasuresofthestudy.Creatingthenearlyauthenticcommunicativeconditionsandcombiningthegroupactivitiesinteachingprocess.Trainingtheabilityofusinglanguagebydoinglanguagecommunicativeactivities,whichshouldincludetheclassactivitiesandtheextracurricularactivities.

4）Tomaketheutteranceasthebasicunit.Justasmostofthelinguisticsmentioned,languageisnotexistinisolatedphrasesorsentences.However,languageusuallyappearsinthecoherentutterances.

5）Tomakethestudentsinthecircumstancesandfeelthelanguagesituation.

6）Combiningtheindividualskillstrainingwiththecomprehensiveskillstraining,inordertoreachthegoalofusinglanguageflexiblyincommunication.

1.3TwoPrinciplesoftheCommunicativeApproach

ThegoaloftheCommunicativeApproachistohelpstudentstobecomecommunicativelycompetent.Communicativecompetentinvolvesbeingabletocommunicateappropriatelyindifferentcontexts.However,thiskindofcanonlybegraspedgraduallyintheauthenticcommunicativeactivities.Asfarasallthestudentsknow,theauthenticcommunicativeconditionscouldpromotethespeedoflanguagelearningandthesensationtotheforeignlanguage.SothebasicrequirementstotheEnglishteachingclassistryingtobemoreauthentic.Itisbetterfortheteacherstochangetheirrolesintheclass,tobeaparticipatorratherthantheleader.Andthebasictwoprinciplesasfollows:

1）Communicationprinciples-theactualcommunicationsituationcouldenhancetheeffectoflearning

2）Taskprinciples-tofinishlearninglanguagebylanguagecommunication

2.Theadvantagesofcommunicativeapproachinteachinglisteningandspeaking

Withtherapiddevelopmentofthesocialandeconomiclife,asaresultofglobalizationofinformationtechnology,China’sreformandopening-uppolicyprocessisaccelerating.Languageisameansofcommunication.Althoughitisnottheonlyformofcommunicationamonghumanbeings,itiscertainlythemostimportant.Englishteachingistoteachthestudentshowtocommunicatewitheachother,totrainthestudents’goodandcompletelanguageability-toexpresstheirideascorrectlyandtoeasilyadjustthemselvestoeverykindofsocialsituation.Englishteachingisacaseinpoint.ThispaperistodiscusssomeproblemsofpresentEnglishteachingapproach,tostatetheprinciplesandadvantagesofcommunicativeapproach,andtogivesomeadviceonhowtomaketheEnglishclassmorecommunicativeandimprovethestudents’abilityoflisteningandspeaking.

2.1Tocreatenewcircumstancesanddevelopactiveatmosphere

Howtouseaforeignlanguagetocommunicatebecomesabasicrequirementforqualityofthestudentsinthe21stcentury.SothatitisquiteimportantthatagoodlanguagelearningenvironmentforstudentstolearnEnglish,whichbecausetheultimategoalofteachingEnglishisnottoinformourstudentsaboutthelanguagebuttodeveloptheirabilitiestousethelanguageforvariouscommunicativepurposesinvarioussituations.

Howtocreateanewcircumstance?

Generallyspeaking,thenewcircumstanceisseemedasaclasswhichhascommunicativeactivitythatbothteachersandlearnersshouldtakepartin.Studentsareborntobeinterestedinplayinggamesnaturally（M.Buckby,1979,P.132）.Gamesarefunandcolorfulenoughtomakeclassesinteresting.Thosecharacteristicsprovideanenjoyableandrelatinggamesareessentialtosuccessfullearning,gamesshouldbeenjoyableinwhichstudentslearnquickerwiththehelpofvariousgames,surelytheywilllearnalotwhileplayingwiththeirfellows.Thelearnersdonotfeelanypressureoflearninginarelaxingatmosphere.Andallofthemarewillingtoparticipatein.EspeciallyinmiddleschooloralEnglishteaching,gamescanplayaveryimportantrole.Gameisthemosteffectivemeanstoenliventheclassroomatmosphere,andarousethestudents’interestoflearning;inaddition,gamecanmakethemallconcentratedonwhattheyarelearningcarefully.Then,studentswillgetdeeperimpressionofwhattheyhavelearnedandgetlongermemoryoftheknowledge.

2.2Tostimulatestudents’interestsandincreasestudents’thirstforknowledge.

AsfarasIofthisthesisisconcerned,therearethreemaintheoreticalfoundationsthatarerelevanttotheresearchonapplicationofcommunicativeapproachinEnglishteaching,suchasthesituationalteachingmethod,theconversationalteachingmethodaswellasthetask-basedlanguageteachingmethod.

SituationalTeachingMethod.Intheteachingprocess,teacherspurposefullyintroduceorcreatecertainspecificsceneswithemotionalcolorsandvividimagessoastoarousestudents’attitudeexperienceandhelpstudentstounderstandtheteachingmaterials.Bytakingthisteachingmethod,thepsychologicalfunctionsofstudents’canbedevelopedeasily.

ConversationalTeachingMethod.Intheimplementingprocess,teachersshouldmakefullpreparationstosettheproperdialogueandconversationtopicaswellasestablishaharmoniousdiscussionsituationforstudents.Besides,ifwewanttoenhancethequalityofthecommunication,variousformsofdialogueshouldbecarriedout,andtheconstructiveevaluationsystemshouldbetaken.Onlywhenthecooperativeconsciousnessbeingformedwillstudentsgettoknowhowtolearneffectively.

Task-basedLanguageTeachingMethod.Intheprocessoffulfillingthe