四六级串讲讲义.docx

四六级串讲讲义.docx

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四六级串讲讲义

四六级串讲（讲义）

WWW.SINOEXAM.CN2005-12-14作者:

邢豫昆

勇往直前，人人都可以写下自己的历史。

―――亨利·梭罗（HenryDavidThoreau）

阅读篇 

有效阅读策略（contributoryreadingstrategies）

R01 阅读时带着问题（problem-solvingreading）

R02 阅读时有时要译成母语以帮助理解（mother-tongueaidedreading）

R03 注意寻找主题句（topic-sentence-seekingorientatedreading）

R04 有时需要重读某些句子或段落（properre-reading）

R05 句子释义（paraphrasing）

无效阅读策略（应试技巧）（non-contributoryreadingstrategies）

T06 采用排除法答题

T07 依靠常识答题

T08 纯粹依靠猜测

T09 根据文章先后顺序进行推测

T10 根据题干中的词语在文章中逐词对照寻找答案

T11 根据选项中的词语在文章中逐词对照寻找答案

T12 通过与其他题目互参寻找答案

基本阅读能力

GlobalReadingvs.LocalReading

A． 熟练掌握词汇、语法

B． 正确理解事实和细节

C． 理解隐含的意义和深层的含义

D． 语篇水平上的阅读理解

1． 理解上下文的逻辑关系

2． 掌握文章的主题思想

3． 理解作者的态度

9项微技能

A． 辨别和理解中心思想和重要细节

LocalReading---Macroskills

01．理解明确表达的概念和细节（explicitly-stateddetail-focusedreading）

02．理解隐含表达的概念和细节；通过判断句子的交际功能来理解文章（implicitly-stateddetail-focusedreading）

GlobalReading---Microskills

03．判断文章的中心思想（thesis-focusedreading）

04．理解作者的观点和态度（attitude-focusedreading）

B． 运用有助于理解的语言技能来理解文章

05．猜测词和短语的意思（word/phrase-levelunderstanding）

06．句层次的理解（句子所表达的逻辑关系）（sentence-levelunderstanding---logics）

07．篇章层次的理解（text-levelunderstanding）

C． 运用专门的阅读技能理解文章

08．通过略读了解文章大意（skimmingforthegist/mainidea）

09．通过寻读获取某一信息（scanningforspecificinformation）

主线/珠线阅读

Consumersarebeingconfusedandmisledbythehodge-podge（大杂烩）ofenvironmentalclaimsmadebyhouseholdproducts,accordingtoa“greenlabeling”studypublishedbyConsumersInternationalFriday.

Amongthereport’smoreoutrageous（令人无法容忍的）findings---aGermanfertilizerdescribeditselfas“earthwormfriendly,”abrandoffloursaiditwas“non-polluting”andaBritishtoiletpaperclaimedtobe“environmentallyfriendlier.”

ThestudywaswrittenandresearchedbyBritain’sNationalConsumerCouncil（NCC）forlobbygroupConsumerInternational.ItwasfundedbytheGermanandDutchgovernmentsandtheEuropeanCommission.

“Whilemanygoodandusefulclaimsarebeingmade,itisclearthereisalongwaytogoinensuringshoppersareadequatelyinformedabouttheenvironmentalimpactofproductstheybuy,”saidConsumersInternationaldirectorAnnaFielder.

The10-countrystudysurveyedproductpackaginginBritain,WesternEurope,ScandinaviaandtheUnitedStates.ItfoundthatproductssoldinGermanyandtheUnitedKingdommadethemostenvironmentalclaimsonaverage.

Thereportfocusedonclaimsmadebyspecificproducts,suchasdetergents（洗涤剂）,insectspraysandbysomegardenproducts.Itdidnottesttheclaims,butcomparedthemtolabelingguidelinessetbytheInternationalStandardsOrganization（ISO）inSeptember,1999.

Researchersdocumentedclaimsofenvironmentalfriendlinessmadebyabout2,000productsandfoundmanytoovagueortoomisleadingtomeetISOstandards.

“Manyproductshadspecially-designedlabelstomakethemseemenvironmentallyfriendly,butinfactmanyofthesesymbolsmeannothing,”saidreportresearcherPhilipPage.

“Laundrydetergentsmadethemostnumberofclaimswith158.Householdcleanersweresecondwith145separateclaims,whilepaintswerethirdonourlistwith73.Thehighnumbersshowhowveryconfusingitmustbeforconsumerstosortthetruefromthemisleading,”hesaid.

TheISOlabelingstandardsbanvagueormisleadingclaimsonproductpackaging,becausetermssuchas“environmentallyfriendly”and“non-polluting”cannotbeverified.“WhatwearenowpushingforistohavemultinationalcorporationsmeetthestandardssetbytheISO,”saidPage.

31.  Accordingtothepassage,theNCCfounditoutrageousthat______

A）alltheproductssurveyedclaimtomeetISOstandards

B）theclaimsmadebyproductsareoftenunclearordeceiving

C）consumerswouldbelievemanyofthemanufactures’claim

D）fewproductsactuallyprovetobeenvironmentfriendly

32.Asindicatedinthispassage,withsomanygoodclaims,theconsumers_____

A）arebecomingmorecautiousabouttheproductstheyaregoingtobuy

B）arestillnotwillingtopaymoreforproductswithgreenlabeling

C）arebecomingmoreawareoftheeffectsdifferentproductshaveontheenvironment

D）stilldonotknowtheexactimpactofdifferentproductsontheenvironment

33.   AstudywascarriedoutbyBritain’sNCCto_______

A）findouthowmanyclaimsmadebyproductsfailtomeetenvironmentalstandards

B）informtheconsumersoftheenvironmentalimpactoftheproductstheybuy

C）examineclaimsmadebyproductsagainstISOstandards

D）revisetheguidelinessetbytheInternationalStandardsOrganization

34.   Whatisoneoftheconsequencescausedbythemanyclaimsofhouseholdproducts?

A）Theyarelikelytoleadtoseriousenvironmentalproblems

B）Consumersfinditdifficulttotellthetruefromthefalse---confusing/misleading

C）Theycouldarousewidespreadangeramongconsumer

D）Consumerswillbetemptedtobuyproductstheydon’tneed

35.   ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthelobbygroupConsumerInternationalwantsto_______

A）makeproductlabelingsatisfyISOrequirements

B）seeallhouseholdproductsmeetenvironmentalstandards

C）warnconsumersofthedangerofso-calledgreenproducts

D）verifytheeffortsofnon-pollutingproducts

主题阅读

 “Tear‘emapart!

” “Killthefool!

”“Murderthereferee（裁判）!

”

 Thesearecommonremarksonemayhearatvarioussportingevents.Atthetimetheyaremade,theymayseeminnocentenough.Butlet’snotkidourselves.Theyhavebeenknowntoinfluencebehaviorinsuchawayastoleadtorealbloodshed.Volumeshavebeenwrittenaboutthewaywordsaffectus.Ithasbeenshownthatwordshavingcertainconnotations（含义） maycauseustoreactinwaysquiteforeigntowhatweconsidertobeourusualhumanisticbehavior.Iseetheterm“opponent”asoneofthosewords.Perhapsthetimehascometodeleteitfromsportsterms.

Thedictionarymeaningoftheterm“opponent”is“adversary”;“enemy“;“onewhoopposesyourinterests.”Thus,whenaplayermeetsanopponent,heorshemaytendtotreatthatopponentasanenemy.Atsuchtimes,winningmaydominateone’sintellect,andeveryaction,nomatterhowgross,maybeconsideredjustifiable.Irecallanincidentinahandballgamewhenarefereerefusedaplayer’srequestforatimeoutforaglovechangebecausehedidnotconsiderthemwetenough.TheplayerproceededtorubhisglovesacrosshiswetT-shirtandthenexclaimed.“Aretheywetenoughnow?

”

Intheheatofbattle,playershavebeenobservedtothrowthemselvesacrossthecourtwithoutconsideringtheconsequencesthatsuchamovemighthaveonanyoneintheirway.Ihavealsowitnessedaplayerreactingtohisopponent’sintentionalandillegalblockingbydeliberatelyhittinghimwiththeballashardashecouldduringthecourseofplay.Offthecourt,theyaregoodfriends.Doesthatmakeanysense?

Itcertainlygivesproofofacourtattitudewhichdepartsfromnormalbehavior.

Therefore,Ibelieveitistimeweelevated（提升）thegametothelevelwhereitbelongstherebysettinganexampletotherestofthesportingworld.Replacingtheterm“opponent”with“associate”couldbeanidealwaytostart.

Thedictionarymeaningoftheterm“associate”is“colleague”;“friend”;“companion.”Reflectamoment!

Youmaysoonseeandpossiblyfeelthedifferenceinyourreactiontotheterm“associate”ratherthan“opponent.”

总结：

                          .

26.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressestheauthor’sview?

A）Aggressivebehaviorinsportscanhaveseriousconsequences.

B）Thewordspeopleusecaninfluencetheirbehavior.

C）Unpleasantwordsinsportsareoftenusedbyforeignathletes.

D）Unfairjudgmentsbyrefereeswillleadtoviolenceonthesportsfield.

27.Harshwordsarespokenduringgamesbecausetheplayers_______.

A）aretooeagertowin

B）areusuallyshort-temperedandeasilyoffended.

C）cannotaffordtobepoliteinfiercecompetitions.

D）treattheirrivalsasenemies.

28.Whatdidthehandballplayerdowhenhewasnotallowedatimeouttochangehisgloves?

A）Herefusedtocontinuethegame.

B）Heangrilyhittherefereewithaball.

C）Heclaimedthattherefereewasunfair.

D）HewethisglovesbyrubbingthemacrosshisT-shirt.

29.Accordingtothepassage,players,inagame,may_______.

A）deliberatelythrowtheballatanyoneillegallyblockingtheirway

B）keeponscreamingandshoutingthroughoutthegame

C）liedownonthegroundasanactofprotest

D）kicktheballacrossthecourtwithforce

30.Theauthorhopestohavethecurrentsituationinsportsimprovedby_______.

A）callingonplayerstousecleanlanguageonthecourt

B）raisingthereferee’ssenseofresponsibility

C）changingtheattitudeofplayersonthesportsfield

D）regulatingtherelationshipbetweenplayersandreferees

对比阅读

考试中的文章

IsthereenoughoilbeneaththeArcticNationalWildlifeRefuge（保护区）（ANWR）tohelpsecureAmerica’senergyfuture?

PresidentBushcertainlythinksso.HehasarguedthattappingANWR’soilwouldhelpeaseCalifornia’selectricitycrisisandprovideamajorboosttothecountry’senergyindependence.Butnooneknowsforsurehowmuchcrudeoilliesburiedbeneaththefrozenearth,withthelastgovernmentsurvey,conductedin1998,projectingoutputanywherefrom3billionto16billionbarrels.

Theoilindustrygoeswiththehighendoftherange,whichcouldequalasmuchas10%ofU.S.consumptionforaslongassixyears.Bypumpingmorethan1millionbarrelsadayfromthereserveforthenexttwotothreedecades,lobbyistsclaim,thenationcouldcutbackonimportsequivalenttoallshipmentstotheU.S.fromSaudiArabia.Soundsgood.Anoilboomwouldalsomeanamultibillion-dollarwindfall（意外之财）intaxrevenues,royalties（开采权使用费）andleasingfeesforAlaskaandtheFederalGovernment.Bestofall,advo