An econometrics view of worldwide fossil fuel consumption and the role of US.docx

An econometrics view of worldwide fossil fuel consumption and the role of US.docx

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AneconometricsviewofworldwidefossilfuelconsumptionandtheroleofUS

Two-stageextrusionmodelinvolvesearlyverticalandlatelateralextrusionsofHP/UHProcks.►AgeneralmiddleTriassiccoolingfrom241to231Mawasprobablydrivenbyearlyupwardextrusion.►LateTriassic–EarlyJurassiccoolingwasassociatedwitheastwardextrusionfrom200to184Ma.►Thesubduction/exhumationofbluseschist-faciesunitisrelatedtotheMianluesuture.►Thesubduction/exhumationofHP/UHPeclogite-faciesunitsisrelatedtotheShangdansuture.

38

ChemicalandphysicalfrontsintheBohai,YellowandEastChinaseas  OriginalResearchArticle

JournalofMarineSystems,Volume78,Issue3,October2009,Pages394-410

Chen-TungArthurChen

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Abstract

Associatedwithstrongmixingandstirring,aswellasenhancedbioproductivityandecotones,oceanicfrontshavegarneredworldwideattentioninrecentyears.Researchintooceanicfronts,especiallythermalfronts,hasgainedmomentumsincetheadventofsatellitesandtheirincreasedaccessibility.Yet,studiesofsalinityandnutrientfronts—particularlythosethataresubsurfacearefewandfarbetween.ThisstudyreviewsthemostwidelyacceptedfactsaboutsurfaceandsubsurfacetemperatureandsalinityfrontsintheBohai,YellowandEastChinaseasandtheirseasonalvariations.Thedistributionofnutrientsinthesurfaceandbottomwatersaremappedandnutrientfronts,forthefirsttime,areidentifiedsystematically.

Thesefrontsaregenerallystrongestinwinterwhensouthwardflowingcoastalcurrentsareinfluencedmostbywintermonsoons,andthecontrastsbetweenthesecold,fresh,nutrient-richcurrentsandthenorthwardflowingwarm,salinebutnutrient-poorKuroshioarestrongest.Surfacefrontsaregenerallyweakestinsummerwhencoastalcurrentsmaybeweakerandtemperature,salinityandnutrientcontrastsarediminished.Theexistenceoffrontsandwhysomearedisconnectedaremainlyrelatedtooceanicfeaturessuchastopography,boundariesbetweenwatermassesandcurrentflowpatterns.ThreelatitudinaltemperatureandnutrientfrontsinthesouthernEastChinaSeainwintermaysuggesteastwardflowingcurrents.Thesecurrentshavenotbeendescribedpreviously.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Watermasses

3.Fronts

3.1.Winter

3.1.1.Surfacefrontsoncontinentalshelves

3.1.2.Subsurfacefrontsoncontinentalshelves

3.1.3.TheKuroshioinfluence

3.1.4.ThreelatitudinalfrontsintheEastChinaSea

3.2.Spring

3.2.1.Frontsonthecontinentalshelves

3.2.2.TheKuroshioinfluence

3.3.Summer

3.3.1.Frontsoncontinentalshelves

3.3.2.Subsurfacefrontsoncontinentalshelves

3.3.3.TheKuroshioinfluence

3.4.Fall

3.4.1.Frontsoncontinentalshelves

3.4.2.TheKuroshioinfluence

4.Conclusion

Acknowledgements

AppendixA.Appendix

References

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39

AHolocenepaleotemperaturerecordbasedonradiolariafromthenorthernOkinawaTrough（EastChinaSea）  OriginalResearchArticle

QuaternaryInternational,Volume183,Issue1,15May2008,Pages115-122

ChangFengming,LiTiegang,ZhuangLihua,YanJun

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Abstract

Usingaradiolarian-basedtransferfunction,meanannualseasurfacetemperature（SST）andseasonaltemperaturerangearereconstructedthroughthelast10,500 yrsinthenorthernOkinawaTrough.Down-coreSSTestimatesrevealthatthroughouttheHolocenethechangesofmeanannualSSTdisplayathree-steptrend:

（i）anearlyHolocenecontinuouswarmingbetween10,500and8500 yr BPwhichendsupwithaabruptcoolingatabout8200 yr BP;（ii）arelativelystablemiddleHolocenewithhighSSTthatlasteduntil3200 yr BP;and（iii）alate-HolocenedistinctSSTdeclinebetween3200and500 yr BP.ThispatternisinagreementwiththeicecoreandterrestrialpaleoclimaticrecordsintheChinesecontinentandotherregionsoftheworld.FivecoolingeventswithabruptmeanannualSSTdrops,whichoccurat

300–600,1400,3100,4600–5100and8200 yr BP,arerecognizedduringthelast10,500 yrs.ComparisonofourresultswithrecordsofGISP2icecoreandmarinesedimentinNorthAtlanticregionsuggeststhesecoolingeventsarestronglycoupled,whichimpliesapossiblesignificantclimaticcorrelationbetweenhigh-andlow-latitudeareas.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Materialandmethods

2.1.Material

2.2.Methods

3.Resultsanddiscussion

3.1.Compositionalcharactersofradiolarianassemblage

3.2.Paleotemperaturerecords

3.3.GeneralpatternofHoloceneSSTchanges

3.4.HoloceneSSTvariation

4.Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

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40

RefertilizationofancientlithosphericmantlebeneaththecentralNorthChinaCraton:

Evidencefrompetrologyandgeochemistryofperidotitexenoliths  OriginalResearchArticle

Lithos,Volume101,Issues3-4,March2008,Pages435-452

Yan-JieTang,Hong-FuZhang,Ji-FengYing,JinZhang,Xiao-MingLiu

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Abstract

ThepetrologyandgeochemistryofperidotitexenolithsintheCenozoicbasaltsfromFanshi,thecentralNorthChinaCraton（NCC）,provideconstraintsontheevolutionofsub-continentallithosphericmantle.Theseperidotitexenolithsaremainlyspinel-facieslherzoliteswithminorharzburgites.Thelherzolitesarecharacterizedbylowforsteritecontentsinolivines（Fo < 91）andlightrareearthelement（LREE）enrichmentsinclinopyroxenes.Incontrast,theharzburgitesaretypifiedbyhigh-Foolivines（> 91）,high-Cr#spinelsandclinopyroxeneswithlowabundancesofheavyREE（HREE）.Thesefeaturesaresimilartothosefromoldrefractorylithosphericmantlearoundtheworld,andthusinterpretedtoberelicsofoldlithosphericmantle.Theoldlithosphericmantlehasbeenchemicallymodifiedbytheinfluxofmelts,asevidencedbytheSr–NdisotopiccompositionsofclinopyroxenesandrelativelylowerFocontentsthantypicalArcheanlithosphericmantle（Fo > 92.5）.TheSr–NdisotopiccompositionsofharzburgitesareclosetoEM1-typemantle,andofthelherzolitesaresimilartobulksilicateearth.Thelattercouldbetheresultofrecentmodificationofoldharzburgitesbyasthenosphericmelt,whichisstrengthenedbyfertilecompositionsofmineralsinthelherzolites.Therefore,theisotopicandchemicalheterogeneitiesoftheFanshiperidotitexenolithsreflecttherefertilizationofancientrefractorylithosphericmantlebymassiveadditionofasthenosphericmelts.ThismaybeanimportantmechanismforthelithosphericevolutionbeneaththeCentralNCC.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Geologicsetting

3.Fanshibasaltsandxenolithpetrography

4.Analyticalmethods

5.Results

5.1.Majorelementdata

5.2.Trace-elementconcentrationsofcpx

5.3.SrandNdisotopes

6.Discussion

6.1.Mineralcompositionandorigin

6.2.Trace-elementpatternsandmantlemetasomatism

6.3.Isotopiccompositionsandrefertilizationofancientlithosphericmantle

6.4.LithosphericarchitecturebeneaththeCentralZoneofNCC

7.Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

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41

Sequencestratigraphyandarevisedsea-levelcurvefortheMiddleDevonianofeasternNorthAmerica  OriginalResearchArticle

Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,Volume304,Issues1-2,15April2011,Pages21-53

CarltonE.Brett,GordonC.Baird,AlexanderJ.Bartholomew,MichaelK.DeSantis,CharlesA.VerStraeten

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Abstract

Thewell-exposedMiddleDevonianrocksoftheAppalachianforelandbasin（OnondagaFormation;HamiltonGroup,TullyFormation,andtheGeneseeGroupofNewYorkState）preserveoneofthemostdetailedrecordsofhigh-ordersea-leveloscillationcyclesforthistimeperiodintheworld.DetailedexaminationofcoevalunitsindistalareasoftheAppalachianBasin,aswellasportionsoftheMichiganandIllinoisbasins,hasrevealedthatthepatternofhigh-ordersea-leveloscillationsdocumentedintheNewYork–PennsylvaniasectioncanbepositivelyidentifiedinallareasofeasternNorthAmericawherecoevalunitsarepreserved.Thepersistenceofthepatternofhigh-ordersea-levelcyclesacrosssuchawidegeographicareasuggeststhatthesecyclesareallocyclicinnaturewithprimarycontrolondepositionbeingeustaticsea-leveloscillation,asopposedtoautocyliccontrols,suchassedimentsupply,whichwouldbemorelocalintheirmanifestation.ThereisstrongevidencefromstudiesofcyclicityandspectralanalysisthatthesecyclesarealsorelatedtoMilankovitchorbitalvariations,withtheshortandlong-termeccentricitycycles（100 kyrand405 kyr）beingthedominantoscillationsinmanysettings.Relativesea-leveloscillationsoftensofmetersarelikelyandraiseconsiderableissuesaboutthedrivingmechanism,giventhattheMiddleDevonianappearstorecordagreenhousephaseofPhanerozoichistory.Thesenewcorrelationslendstrongsupporttoarevisedhigh-resolutionsea-leveloscillationcurvefortheMiddleDevonianfortheeasternportionofNorthAmerica.Recognizedthird-ordersequencesare:

Eif-1lowerOnondagaFormation,Eif-2:

upperOnondagaandUnionSpringsformations;Eif–Giv:

OatkaCreekFormation;Giv-1:

Skanea