An econometrics view of worldwide fossil fuel consumption and the role of US.docx
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AneconometricsviewofworldwidefossilfuelconsumptionandtheroleofUS
Two-stageextrusionmodelinvolvesearlyverticalandlatelateralextrusionsofHP/UHProcks.►AgeneralmiddleTriassiccoolingfrom241to231Mawasprobablydrivenbyearlyupwardextrusion.►LateTriassic–EarlyJurassiccoolingwasassociatedwitheastwardextrusionfrom200to184Ma.►Thesubduction/exhumationofbluseschist-faciesunitisrelatedtotheMianluesuture.►Thesubduction/exhumationofHP/UHPeclogite-faciesunitsisrelatedtotheShangdansuture.
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ChemicalandphysicalfrontsintheBohai,YellowandEastChinaseas OriginalResearchArticle
JournalofMarineSystems,Volume78,Issue3,October2009,Pages394-410
Chen-TungArthurChen
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Abstract
Associatedwithstrongmixingandstirring,aswellasenhancedbioproductivityandecotones,oceanicfrontshavegarneredworldwideattentioninrecentyears.Researchintooceanicfronts,especiallythermalfronts,hasgainedmomentumsincetheadventofsatellitesandtheirincreasedaccessibility.Yet,studiesofsalinityandnutrientfronts—particularlythosethataresubsurfacearefewandfarbetween.ThisstudyreviewsthemostwidelyacceptedfactsaboutsurfaceandsubsurfacetemperatureandsalinityfrontsintheBohai,YellowandEastChinaseasandtheirseasonalvariations.Thedistributionofnutrientsinthesurfaceandbottomwatersaremappedandnutrientfronts,forthefirsttime,areidentifiedsystematically.
Thesefrontsaregenerallystrongestinwinterwhensouthwardflowingcoastalcurrentsareinfluencedmostbywintermonsoons,andthecontrastsbetweenthesecold,fresh,nutrient-richcurrentsandthenorthwardflowingwarm,salinebutnutrient-poorKuroshioarestrongest.Surfacefrontsaregenerallyweakestinsummerwhencoastalcurrentsmaybeweakerandtemperature,salinityandnutrientcontrastsarediminished.Theexistenceoffrontsandwhysomearedisconnectedaremainlyrelatedtooceanicfeaturessuchastopography,boundariesbetweenwatermassesandcurrentflowpatterns.ThreelatitudinaltemperatureandnutrientfrontsinthesouthernEastChinaSeainwintermaysuggesteastwardflowingcurrents.Thesecurrentshavenotbeendescribedpreviously.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Watermasses
3.Fronts
3.1.Winter
3.1.1.Surfacefrontsoncontinentalshelves
3.1.2.Subsurfacefrontsoncontinentalshelves
3.1.3.TheKuroshioinfluence
3.1.4.ThreelatitudinalfrontsintheEastChinaSea
3.2.Spring
3.2.1.Frontsonthecontinentalshelves
3.2.2.TheKuroshioinfluence
3.3.Summer
3.3.1.Frontsoncontinentalshelves
3.3.2.Subsurfacefrontsoncontinentalshelves
3.3.3.TheKuroshioinfluence
3.4.Fall
3.4.1.Frontsoncontinentalshelves
3.4.2.TheKuroshioinfluence
4.Conclusion
Acknowledgements
AppendixA.Appendix
References
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AHolocenepaleotemperaturerecordbasedonradiolariafromthenorthernOkinawaTrough(EastChinaSea) OriginalResearchArticle
QuaternaryInternational,Volume183,Issue1,15May2008,Pages115-122
ChangFengming,LiTiegang,ZhuangLihua,YanJun
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Abstract
Usingaradiolarian-basedtransferfunction,meanannualseasurfacetemperature(SST)andseasonaltemperaturerangearereconstructedthroughthelast10,500 yrsinthenorthernOkinawaTrough.Down-coreSSTestimatesrevealthatthroughouttheHolocenethechangesofmeanannualSSTdisplayathree-steptrend:
(i)anearlyHolocenecontinuouswarmingbetween10,500and8500 yr BPwhichendsupwithaabruptcoolingatabout8200 yr BP;(ii)arelativelystablemiddleHolocenewithhighSSTthatlasteduntil3200 yr BP;and(iii)alate-HolocenedistinctSSTdeclinebetween3200and500 yr BP.ThispatternisinagreementwiththeicecoreandterrestrialpaleoclimaticrecordsintheChinesecontinentandotherregionsoftheworld.FivecoolingeventswithabruptmeanannualSSTdrops,whichoccurat
300–600,1400,3100,4600–5100and8200 yr BP,arerecognizedduringthelast10,500 yrs.ComparisonofourresultswithrecordsofGISP2icecoreandmarinesedimentinNorthAtlanticregionsuggeststhesecoolingeventsarestronglycoupled,whichimpliesapossiblesignificantclimaticcorrelationbetweenhigh-andlow-latitudeareas.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Materialandmethods
2.1.Material
2.2.Methods
3.Resultsanddiscussion
3.1.Compositionalcharactersofradiolarianassemblage
3.2.Paleotemperaturerecords
3.3.GeneralpatternofHoloceneSSTchanges
3.4.HoloceneSSTvariation
4.Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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RefertilizationofancientlithosphericmantlebeneaththecentralNorthChinaCraton:
Evidencefrompetrologyandgeochemistryofperidotitexenoliths OriginalResearchArticle
Lithos,Volume101,Issues3-4,March2008,Pages435-452
Yan-JieTang,Hong-FuZhang,Ji-FengYing,JinZhang,Xiao-MingLiu
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Abstract
ThepetrologyandgeochemistryofperidotitexenolithsintheCenozoicbasaltsfromFanshi,thecentralNorthChinaCraton(NCC),provideconstraintsontheevolutionofsub-continentallithosphericmantle.Theseperidotitexenolithsaremainlyspinel-facieslherzoliteswithminorharzburgites.Thelherzolitesarecharacterizedbylowforsteritecontentsinolivines(Fo < 91)andlightrareearthelement(LREE)enrichmentsinclinopyroxenes.Incontrast,theharzburgitesaretypifiedbyhigh-Foolivines(> 91),high-Cr#spinelsandclinopyroxeneswithlowabundancesofheavyREE(HREE).Thesefeaturesaresimilartothosefromoldrefractorylithosphericmantlearoundtheworld,andthusinterpretedtoberelicsofoldlithosphericmantle.Theoldlithosphericmantlehasbeenchemicallymodifiedbytheinfluxofmelts,asevidencedbytheSr–NdisotopiccompositionsofclinopyroxenesandrelativelylowerFocontentsthantypicalArcheanlithosphericmantle(Fo > 92.5).TheSr–NdisotopiccompositionsofharzburgitesareclosetoEM1-typemantle,andofthelherzolitesaresimilartobulksilicateearth.Thelattercouldbetheresultofrecentmodificationofoldharzburgitesbyasthenosphericmelt,whichisstrengthenedbyfertilecompositionsofmineralsinthelherzolites.Therefore,theisotopicandchemicalheterogeneitiesoftheFanshiperidotitexenolithsreflecttherefertilizationofancientrefractorylithosphericmantlebymassiveadditionofasthenosphericmelts.ThismaybeanimportantmechanismforthelithosphericevolutionbeneaththeCentralNCC.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Geologicsetting
3.Fanshibasaltsandxenolithpetrography
4.Analyticalmethods
5.Results
5.1.Majorelementdata
5.2.Trace-elementconcentrationsofcpx
5.3.SrandNdisotopes
6.Discussion
6.1.Mineralcompositionandorigin
6.2.Trace-elementpatternsandmantlemetasomatism
6.3.Isotopiccompositionsandrefertilizationofancientlithosphericmantle
6.4.LithosphericarchitecturebeneaththeCentralZoneofNCC
7.Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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Sequencestratigraphyandarevisedsea-levelcurvefortheMiddleDevonianofeasternNorthAmerica OriginalResearchArticle
Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,Volume304,Issues1-2,15April2011,Pages21-53
CarltonE.Brett,GordonC.Baird,AlexanderJ.Bartholomew,MichaelK.DeSantis,CharlesA.VerStraeten
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Abstract
Thewell-exposedMiddleDevonianrocksoftheAppalachianforelandbasin(OnondagaFormation;HamiltonGroup,TullyFormation,andtheGeneseeGroupofNewYorkState)preserveoneofthemostdetailedrecordsofhigh-ordersea-leveloscillationcyclesforthistimeperiodintheworld.DetailedexaminationofcoevalunitsindistalareasoftheAppalachianBasin,aswellasportionsoftheMichiganandIllinoisbasins,hasrevealedthatthepatternofhigh-ordersea-leveloscillationsdocumentedintheNewYork–PennsylvaniasectioncanbepositivelyidentifiedinallareasofeasternNorthAmericawherecoevalunitsarepreserved.Thepersistenceofthepatternofhigh-ordersea-levelcyclesacrosssuchawidegeographicareasuggeststhatthesecyclesareallocyclicinnaturewithprimarycontrolondepositionbeingeustaticsea-leveloscillation,asopposedtoautocyliccontrols,suchassedimentsupply,whichwouldbemorelocalintheirmanifestation.ThereisstrongevidencefromstudiesofcyclicityandspectralanalysisthatthesecyclesarealsorelatedtoMilankovitchorbitalvariations,withtheshortandlong-termeccentricitycycles(100 kyrand405 kyr)beingthedominantoscillationsinmanysettings.Relativesea-leveloscillationsoftensofmetersarelikelyandraiseconsiderableissuesaboutthedrivingmechanism,giventhattheMiddleDevonianappearstorecordagreenhousephaseofPhanerozoichistory.Thesenewcorrelationslendstrongsupporttoarevisedhigh-resolutionsea-leveloscillationcurvefortheMiddleDevonianfortheeasternportionofNorthAmerica.Recognizedthird-ordersequencesare:
Eif-1lowerOnondagaFormation,Eif-2:
upperOnondagaandUnionSpringsformations;Eif–Giv:
OatkaCreekFormation;Giv-1:
Skanea