基础英语写作考试用英语写作修辞手法.docx

基础英语写作考试用英语写作修辞手法.docx

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基础英语写作考试用英语写作修辞手法

Simile

•1）Ascoldwateristoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.（Proverbs25—theBible）

•2）Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.（GeorgeEliot）

•3）Hearosejointbyjoint,asacarpenter’sruleopens,andbeatthedustfromhisclothes.（TheCopandtheAnthem）

•4）Della’sbeautifulhairfellabouther,ripplingandshininglikeacascadeofbrownwaters.

5）Therubyshallberedderthanaredrose,andthesapphireshallbeasblueasthegreatsea.（OscarWilde）

•6）Amanwithoutknowledgeislikeahousewithoutfoundation.

•7）Airtousiswhatwateristofish.

•8）Readingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.

•9）Wisdomistothemindwhathealthistothebody.

Metaphor

•1）Life’sbutawalkingshadow,apoorplayer.（Shakespeare,Macbeth）

•2）Ifmusicbethefoodoflove,playon.（Shakespeare,TwelfthNight）

•3）Somebooksaretobe___,otherstobe___,andsomefewtobe___and___.（FrancisBacon,OfStudies）

•4）Alltheworld’sastage,

•Andallmenandwomenmerelyplayers;

•Theyhavetheirexitsandentrances,

•Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,

•Hisactsbeingsevenages…

•（ShakespeareAsYouLikeIt）

•5）Hewasstrangledinthenetofgossip.

•6）Hislifebecameawhirlwindofdesignmeetings,clientconferences,andlast-minutedecisions.

TheUseofSimileandMetaphor

Trytobeidiomatic

spendmoneylikewater

asAmericanasapplepie

asstrongasahorse

worklikehorses

asstupidasagoose

asdryassawdust

（wet）likeadrownedrat

ablacksheep

fishintheair

Personification

•1）Theshipsailedintotheteethofthehurricane.

•2）Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.

•Thewindwasmoaningthroughthetrees.

•3）Ifnotalwaysinahotmoodtosmash,theseaisalwaysstealthilyreadyforadrowning.（JosephConrad）

•4）Theskyrejoicesinthemorning’sbirth.（WordsworthResolutionandIndependence）

•Examplesmadebysomestudents:

•5）Theroseblushesinthemorningbreeze.

•6）Theleavesaretremblinginthewind.

•7）Pleasewaterthethirstyflowers.

•8）Lookatthesmilingmoon.Howbrightitis!

Metonymy

•Metonymyisafigureofspeechwhichinvolvesthesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanother.Inotherwords,itinvolvesa“changeofname”;thesubstitutednamesuggeststhethingmeant.

•1）Hemusthavebeenspoiledfromthecradle.

•2）YoucangetagoodcupatBlack’scafé.

•3）Thewholetownwentouttowelcomehim.

•4）Swordandcrossinhand,theEuropeanconquerorsfelluponthecontinentofAmerica.

•5）Thepenismightierthanthesword.

•Greyhairshouldberespected.

•WearereadingDickens/listeningtoBeethoven.

•IverymuchliketobuyaniPhone,onlymypursedoesnotallowmethatluxury.

•6>Hewasonthebottlefor5years.

•hitthebottle

•7>Herheartruledherhead.

•8>Whitehallrefusedtoconfirmthereports.

•9>thePentagon

•10>OvalOffice;（Capitol）Hill;MadisonAvenue;FleetStreet

•Thesoldierssworetofightforthehearthandthealtar.

UncheckedviolencehasalreadydulledthelusteroftheBigApple.Thedauntingtaskbeforeitsleadersistopreventitfromrottingtothecore.

•bar

•Reasonsforitswideuse

Synecdoche

•Synecdocheinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.Someexpertsalsousesynecdochetorefertothesubstitutionbetweentheabstractandtheconcrete.

•Thepartforthewhole

•1）Theycounted50sailsintheharbor.

•2）Hepaidtheworkers$5perhead.

•3）Yetthereweresomestoutheartswhoattemptedresistance.（CerilScottForester）

Theyseekoffice,nottobeusefultothestate,butfortheloavesandfishes.

•Thewholeforthepart;thematerialforthethingmade

•1）Thebirdssangtowelcomethesmilingyear.

•2）Thedoctorcutmeopenandtookouttheappendix.

•3）Shewasdressedinsilks.

•4）Cottonsuitsyou.

•Theabstractfortheconcrete

•Alltherankcameouttoseethesight.

•Theconcretefortheabstract

•Sheallowedthemothertobeoverruledbythejudgeanddeclaredherownsonguilty.

•Hehasasmooth/silver/evil/rough/sharp/acid/civil/glib/bitter/bad/wicked/long/oilytongue.

•have/beabigmouth

•acrude-mouthedguy

•sweettooth

Overstatement

•1）Belindasmiled,andalltheworldwasgay.（AlexanderPope）

•2）Forshewasbeautiful—herbeautymadethebrightworlddim,…（PercyByssheShelley:

TheWitchofAtlas）

•3）Hamlet:

IlovedOphelia:

fortythousandbrotherscouldnot,withalltheirqualityoflove,makeupmysum.

•4）Youalwaysmakethesamemistake.Ihavewarnedyou1000times.

•5）It’sagessincewemetlasttime.

•6）Nobookintheworldismoredifficultthanthislinguisticbook.Readingitisabsolutetorture.

•7）AfterTEM4,Icouldsleepforayear.

•8）Fromhismouthflowedspeechsweeterthanhoney.

•9）Ibegathousandpardons.

•10）Polly,Iloveyou.Youarethewholeworldtome,andthemoonandthestarsandtheconstellationsofouterspace.

•Thanksamillion.（v）

•Thanksabillion.（x）

Understatement

•Traditionallyitisdividedintolitotesandmeiosis.

•Litotesisunderstatementbytheuseofnegatives.

•1）Thefacewasn’tabadone;ithadwhattheycalledcharm.（JohnGalsworthy）

•2）Thatwasnomeanachievement.

•3）ButtoDarwinthiswasnolight/nolaughingmatter.

•4）Iknowheisnofool.

•5）Ilostnotalittleovercards.

•6）Thispieceofworkisnothingtobeproudof.

•Meiosisisunderstatementwithouttheuseofnegatives.Instead,itusesexpressionslikealittle,abit,kindof,sortof,almost,hardly,scarcely,etc.

•1）Thelittleboybrokeavaseandwasalittleupset.

•2）Thegirlisabitslowforherage.

•3）Hewasalittletoopreviousinmakingthedecision.

Irony

•Ironyistheuseofwordstomeantheoppositeofwhattheyseemtomeanonthesurface.

•1）Thishard-workingboyseldomreadsoveranhoureveryweek.

•2）Itmustbedelightfultofindoneselfinaforeigncountrywithoutapennyinone’spocket.

•3）Robbinganoldwidowofhermoneywascertainlyanobleact.

•4）Thechildpickedupthespectaclesandputthemon.“Nowyoulookaswiseasanowl,”saidhisfatheraffectionately.

•

•

•Oxymoron

•Oxymoronisacontradictioninterms,acompressedparadox,formedbythejoiningof2contrastingorcontradictoryterms.

•1）Thegovernment’sresponsetothereporthasbeenadeafeningsilence.

•2）Barbara---whodeclinesinterviewsbutissaidtohavelovedtheBarbiedoll---maybethemostfamousunknownfigureontheplanet.

•3）ThePovertyofAffluence:

ChoosingOurSuccess

•---WhenRobertReichnoticedthatworkwascostinghimhispersonallife,hesteppeddownasU.S.SecretaryofLabortoreflectonwhat“success”reallymeans.

•Differentformsofoxymoron:

•1）adj.+n.carefulcarelessness,orderlychaos,

•tearfuljoy,honestthief,sweettorment/pain,thunderoussilence,jarringconcord,proudhumility,luxuriouspoverty,noblelie,coldwelcome,agenerousmiser,anenlighteneddespot

•2）adj.+adj.coldpleasantmanner,poorrichguys,bitter-sweetmemories,badgoodnews

•3）ad.+adj.mercifullyfatal,falselytrue,

•splendidlyalone,disagreeablypleasantlaugh

•4）v.+ad.hastenslowly,shinedarkly,groanloudly

•5）n.+n.alove-haterelationship

•6）v-ing+n.alivingdeath,lovinghate

Euphemism

•Aeuphemismisawordchosenforitsinoffensivenesstosubstituteforoneconsideredharshorindelicate.

•stupid/mentallyretarded:

•Heisabitslowforhisage.

slow;simple;simple-minded;innocent;naive;notallthere;empty-headed;one’sthickhead;dull;dumb;allthumbs;underachiever

•poor/penniless:

•（be）hardup;inreducedcircumstances;badlyoff;ina（bad）spot;financiallychallenged;thehavenots;theneedy;underprivileged;deprived;disadvantaged;feelthepinch

•oldage

•oldage:

gettingon（inyears）;pastone’sprime;feelingone’sage;beadvancedinyears;anadvancedage;secondchildhood;theveterans;elderly;goldenager;experienced;hardened;seasoned;weathered

•“IrespectJohnMcCainforhishalf-centuryofservicetothiscountry.Butheisonthewrongsideofhistoryrightnow.”

•dismiss/discharge/fire

•layoff;release;give/getthewalkingticket;give/getthesack;sack;downsize;getapinkslip;idle;redundancy

•GeneralElectricisreadytoidle75000accordingtoBusinessWeekOnline.（Time,2001）

•Iregrethavingtomakesomanystaffredundant.

•indebt:

indifficulties

dole:

relief;welfare;benefit（s）;entitlement

•deathpenalty:

capitalpunishment

•lie:

tellafairystory/tale

•grave（noun）

•Wehavecometodedicateaportionofthatfieldasafinalrestingplaceforthosewhoheregavetheirlivesthatthatnationmightlive.（AbrahamLincoln,TheGettysburgAddress）

•Thefunctionsofeuphemism

Alliteration

•Thisdeviceisextremelypopularwithbothpoetsandwriters.Inthisdevicethesameconsonantsoundisrepeatedatintervalsintheinitialpositionofwords.

•A.afeatureoftongue-twisters

•Shesellssea-shellsontheseashore.

•AbigbowlwasbrokenbyBarbara.

•Roundtherocksrunsariver.

•DownthedrivedasheddashingDan.

•PeterPiperpickedapeckofpickledpepperpreparedbyhisparentsandputtheminabigpaperplate.

•B.arhetoricaldeviceinliterature

•1）Andsingsasolitarysong,

•Thatwhistlesinthewind.（Wordsworth）

•2）Freedomisnotgivenfreetoanywhoask,libertyisnotbornoftheGods.Sheisachildofthepeople,bornintheveryheightandheatofbattle…（F.Norris）

•C.inproverbialandidiomaticexpressions

waxandwane;thinkthriceandthenact,lookbeforeyouleap;nowornever;inwealandwoe;bettersafethansorry;gotorack