英语词汇学复习.docx
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英语词汇学复习
4.6.1缩略词
缩略词是字母挨个发音的词。
象是A.D。
（annodomini）b.c.和c.o.d（delivery）货到付款，字母被句点分开，但是大多数没有句点在字母之间。
1.字母代表所有词。
美国之音
英国广播公司
转交
明信片
不明飞行物
2.字母代表复合词或者只是一个词的几部分的成分。
电视身份证
肺结核
总部
Tuberculosis肺结核
Headquarter总部
Rang
Appoint指定
Voluntary义务的
Emergency紧急情况
Treaty条约
Immune免疫的
Syndrome综合征
Symbolic象征性的
Instruction指示
Racial种族的
Equality平等
Lightwave光波
Amplification扩张
Stimulate刺激
Emission排放物
Radiation辐射
Decimalization十进制
Justify证明
Remain残余物
Contemporary同代的人
Constituent成分
Period句点
4.6.2Acronyms首字母缩写词
首字母缩写词是从首字母构成，但是发音是正常词，例如“雷达”（无线电探测和响铃）“义务女工”“艾滋病”（免疫匮乏综合征）“basic”（初学者多功能象征性指示码）“种族平等进程”“通过刺激辐射物排放导致的光波扩张”（激光）“英语教学”
一些首字母缩写词是由第一词的首字母加上第二个整词构成，例如
“核弹”
“防御提示”
“公务员”
“十进制的日子”
“胜利日”
两种首字母缩写词在第二次世界大战以来已经变得非常流行并且因此极具活力。
这在
etcrowley的缩写词字典中搜集的那样词的数量来证明。
在1961年出现的第一版包含了12000词条；第二版在1965年出版，罗列了45000词条，1970年出版的第三版搜集了80000词条，
几乎是第二版的2倍。
随着时间的推移，一些词可能不再使用，然而更多的词将出现。
缩写
词将对同期的英语词汇产生重要的作用。
4.7逆构法逆构法被认为是后缀法的相反过程。
如我们所知，后缀法是通过加后缀到基础的构词方式，
逆构法因此就是通过消除假想的后缀的方法来构词的方式。
这是因为许多被移除的后缀不是真正的后缀，而是单词不能分隔的一部分。
例如，通常的做法是加erorar到基础上来构成人类名词。
合理的，人们通过剪掉结尾构词象是editor中的or，butler中的er。
这就是我们
如何您能够派生edit和butle的原因。
逆构法通常牵涉下面几种类型词。
1.抽象名词
“诊断”
“捐赠”
“热心”
“过火”
2.人类名词
“面包”
“雕刻”
“偷窃”
“乞讨”
3.复合名词和其他
偷听
结婚
看护
4.形容词
1.Word---Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfuntion.
2.Morpheme---Amorphemeistheminimalsignificantelementinthecompositionofwords.
3.FreemorphemesorContentmorphemes（Freeroot）---Theyaremorphemesthatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves:
cat,walk.
4.BoundMorphemesorGrammaticalmorphemes---Theyaremorphemesthatmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,eitherboundorfree:
Catts,walk+ing.
5.Boundroot---Aboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Unlikeafreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.Take-dict-forexample:
itconveysthemeaningof"sayorspeak"asaLatinroot,butnotasaword.Withtheprefixpre-（=before）weobtaintheverbpredictmeaning"tellbeforehand".
6.Affixes---Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfuntion.
7.InflectionalmorphemesorInflectionalaffixes---Affixesattachestotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.
Thereistheregularpluralsuffix-s（-es）whichisaddedtonounssuchasmachines,desks.
8.DerivationalmorphemesorDerivationalaffixes---Derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.
9.Prefixes---Prefixesareaffixesthatcomebeforetheword,suchas,pre+war.
10.Suffixes---suffixesareaffixesthatcomeaftertheword,forinstance,blood+y.
Derivationalmorphemes/derivationalaffixes---Aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement.Suchasprefix,suffix,combingformtoanalreadyexistingword.
Prefixation----istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixorcombingformtothebase.（Itmodifythelexicalmeaningofthebase）
Suffixation---istheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixorcombingformtothebaseandusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.Suchasboy.Boyish（noun-adjective）
11.Root---Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofidentity.
下面我画了个图，把上面的定义形象的表达出来：
12.OpaqueWords--Wordsthatareformedbyonecontentmorphemeonlyandcannotbeanalysedintopartsarecalledopaquewords,suchasaxe,glove.
13.TransparentWords--Wordsthatconsistofmorethanonemorphemesandcanbesegmentedintopartsarecalledtransparentwords:
workable（work+able）,door-man（door+man）.
14.Morphs--Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.
15.Allomorps--Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.Forinstance,themorphemeofplurality{-s}hasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incats/s/,inbags/z/,inmatch/iz/.
16.DerivationorAffixation--Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation.
17.Prefixation--Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.
18.Suffixation--Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.
19.Compounding（Compositon）--Compoundingisaprocessofword-formationbywhichtwoindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeoneword.E.g.hen-packed;short-sighted.
20.Conversion--Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thisprocessofcreatingnewwordswithoutaddinganyaffixesisalsocalledzero-derivation.E.g.dry（a.）-->todry.
21.Back-formation--isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedaffix.E.g.editorenteredthelanguagebeforeedit.
22.Abbreviation（shortening）--isaprocessofword-formationbywhichthesyllablesofwordsareabbreviatedorshortened.
23.Abbreviationincludesfourtypes:
I.ClippedwordsII.InitialismsIII.AcronymsIV.Blends.
I.Clippedwords--arethosecreatedbyclippingpartofaword,leavingonlyapieceoftheoldword.E.g.telephone-->phone,professional-->pro.
II.Initialisms--arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedasletters.E.g.IMF/aiemef/=InternationalMonetaryFund.
III.Acronyms--arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordandpronouncedaswords.E.g.NATO/'neito/=NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization.
IV.Blends--arewordsthatarecombinedbypartsofotherwords.E.g.smoke+fog=smog.
24.Polysemy--Thesamewordmayhavetwoormoredifferentmeanings.Thisisknownas"polysemy".Theword"flight",forexample,maymean"passingthroughtheair","powerofflying","airofjourney",etc.
Twoapproachestopolysemy:
DiachronicandSynchronic
Diachronically,westudythegrowthorchangeinthesemanticstructureofaword,orhowthesemanticstructureofawordhasdevelopedfromprimarymeaningtothepresentpolysemicstate.
Synchronically,weareinterestedinthecomparativevalueofindividualmeaningsandtheinterrelationbetweenthecentralmeaningandthesecondarymeanings.
Twoprocessesleadingtopolysemy:
Radiationandconcatenation
Radiation:
Semantically,radiationistheprocessinwhichtheprimaryorcentralmeaningstandsatthecenterwhilesecondarymeaningsradiatefromitineverydirectionlikerays.
Concatenation:
isasemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshifts,likethelinksofachain,untillthereisnoconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandtheprimarymeaning.
25.Homonyms--aregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridentical『a.同一的，完全相同的』onlyinsoundorspelling.
26.PerfectHomonyms--arewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning。
E.g.bearn.alargeheavyanimal;
bearv.toputupwith
27.Homographs--arewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning.E.g.
sow/s3u/v.toscatterseeds
sow/sau/n.femaleadultpig
28.Homophones--arewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.E.g.
dear/di3/n.alovedperson
deer/di3/n.akindofanimal
29.Synonyms--canbedefinedaswordsdifferentinsoundandspellingbutmostnearlyalikeorexactlythesameinmeaning.E.g.
maid/girlTheyarethesamemeaningof"ayoungfemale".
30.Absolute（Complete,Perfect）Synonyms--arewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects,i.e.bothingrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning,includingconceptualandassociativemeanings.Forinstance,composition/compoundingTheyhavetheperfectsamemeaninginLexicology.
31.Relative（near,partial）synonyms--aresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.
Takestagger/reel/totterforexample.Staggerimpliesunsteadymovementcharacterizedbyalossofbalanceandfailuretomaintainafixedcourse.E.g.staggerunderaheavyload;Reelsuggestsaswayingorlurchingsoastoappearonthevergeoffalling.E.g.Thedrunkenmanreeleddownthehall;Totterindicatestheuncertain,falteringstepsofafeebleoldpersonorofaninfantlearningtowalk.
32.SourcesofSynonyms
I.Borrowing:
Native（ask）--French（question）--Latin（interrogate）
II.DialectsandregionalEnglish:
railway（BrE）--railroad（AmE）
III.Figurative『a.比喻的，象征的』andeuphemistic『a.委婉的』useofwords:
occupation--walkoflife（fig.）
lie--distortthefact（euph.）
IV.Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions:
win--gaintheupperhand
hesitate--beintwominds
33.DiscriminationofSynonyms
I.Differenceindenotation:
differintherangeandintensityofmeaning.
E.g.extend--increase--expand（range）
want--wish--desire（intensity）
II.Differenceinconnotation『n.涵义，含蓄』:
differinthestylisticandemotivecolouring.E.g.
ask（neutral）;beg（colloquial）;request（formal）
III.Differenceinapplication:
inusage.E.g.
emptybox;vacantseat
34.Antonymy--isconcernedwithsemanticopposition.
35.Antonyms--arewordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.
36.TypesofAntonyms
I.Contradictoryterms:
mutuallyopposed;trueoppositenessofmeaning;nopossibilitybetweenthem;E.g.alive--dead;present--absent
II.Contraryterms:
gradable
E.g.rich--（well-to-do）--poor;
hot--（warm,cool）--cold
III.Relativeterms:
relatio
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