建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献

（文档含英文原文和中文翻译）

原文：

HousingProblemsandOptionsfortheElderly

1.Introduction

Housingisacriticalelementinthelivesofolderpersons.Theaffordabilityofhousingaffectstheabilityoftheelderlytoaffordothernecessitiesoflifesuchasfoodandmedicalcare.Housingthatislocatednearhospitalsanddoctors,shopping,transportation,andrecreationalfacilitiescanfacilitateaccesstoservicesthatcanenhancethequalityoflife.Housingcanalsobeaplaceofmemoriesofthepastandaconnectiontofriendsandneighbors.Housingwithsupportivefeaturesandaccesstoservicescanalsomakeitpossibleforpersonstoageinplace.Inthissession,wewillbeexamininghousingproblemsandoptionsfortheelderly.Alongtheway,wewillbetestingyourhousingIQwithaseriesofquestionsandexercises.

2.HousingSituationofOlderPersons

Howtypicalisthehousingsituationoftheolders?

Wewillbeginbyexaminingfiveareas:

（1）Prevalenceofhomeownership

（2）Lengthofstayincurrentresidence（3）Livingarrangements（4）Attachmentsofolderpersonstowheretheylive（5）Movingbehavior.

Withwhomolderpersonslivecaninfluencehousingaffordability,spaceneeds,andtheabilitytoageinplace.About54%ofolderpersonslivewiththeirspouses,31%livealone,almost13%livewithrelatedpersonsotherthantheirspouseandabout2%livewithunrelatedpersons.Withincreasingage,olderpersons（primarilywomen）aremorelikelytolivealoneorwitharelativeotherthanaspouse.Frailolderwomenlivingalonearethepersonsmostlikelytoresideinhomeswith‘extra’roomsandtoneedbothphysicallysupportivehousingfeaturesandservicesto"ageinplace".Thissegmentofthepopulationisalsothegroupmostlikelytomovetomoresupportivehousingsettingssuchasassistedliving.

Manyolderpersonshavestrongpsychologicalattachmentstotheirhomesrelatedtolengthofresidence.Thehomeoftenrepresentstheplacewheretheyraisedtheirchildrenandalifetimeofmemories.Itisalsoaconnectiontoanarrayoffamiliarpersonssuchasneighborsandshopkeepersaswellasnearbyplacesincludinghousesofworship,librariesandcommunityservices.Formanyolderpersons,thehomeisanextensionoftheirownpersonalitieswhichisfoundinthefurnishings.Inaddition,thehomecanrepresentasenseofeconomicsecurityforthefuture,especiallyforhomeownerswhohavepaidofftheirmortgages.Forowners,thehomeisusuallytheirmostvaluablefinancialasset.Thehomealsosymbolizesasenseofindependenceinthattheresidentisabletoliveonhisorherown.Forthesetypesofreasons,itisunderstandablethatinresponsetoaquestionabouthousingpreferences,AARPsurveysofolderpersonscontinuetofindthatapproximately80%ofolderpersonsreportthatwhattheywantisto"stayintheirownhomesandnevermove."Thisphenomenahasbeentermedthepreferenceto"ageinplace."

Althoughmostolderpersonsmoveneartheircurrentcommunities,someseekretirementcommunitiesinplaceswithwarmerweatherinthesouthwest,farwestandthesouth.

3.TheFederalGovernment'sHousingProgramsfortheElderly

Thefederalgovernmenthashadtwobasichousingstrategiestoaddresshousingproblemsoftheelderly.Onestrategy,termedthe"supplyside"approach,seekstobuildnewhousingcomplexessuchaspublichousingandSection202housingforolderpersons.Publichousingisadministeredbyquasi-governmentallocalpublichousingauthorities.Section202Housingfortheelderlyanddisabledissponsoredbynon-profitorganizationsincludingreligiousandnon-sectarianorganizations.Approximately1.5millionolderpersonsor3%oftheelderlypopulationliveinfederallyassistedhousing,withabout387,000livinginSection202housing.Overtime,thegovernmenthasshiftedawayfromsuchnewconstructionprogramsbecauseofthecostofsuchhousing,theproblemsthatanumberofnon-elderlyhousingprogramshaveexperienced,andaphilosophythatthegovernmentshouldnolongerbedirectlyinvolvedwiththebuildingofhousing.Section202housing,averypopularandsuccessfulprogram,isoneofthefewsupply-sideprogramsfundedbythefederalgovernment,althoughthebudgetallocationduringthelasttenyearshasallowedfortheconstructionofonlyabout6,000unitsperyearcomparedtoahighofalmost20,000unitsinthelate1970s.Insteadoffundingnewconstruction,federalhousinginitiativesoverthelastdecadehaveemphasized‘demandside’subsidiesthatprovidelow-incomerenterswithacertificateoravoucherthattheycanuseinavarietyofmultiunitsettings,includingapartmentsintheprivatesectorthatmeetrentalandconditionguidelines.Thesevouchersandcertificatesareaimedatreducingexcessivehousingcosts.Somecertificatesaretermed‘projectbased’subsidiesandaretiedtofederallysubsidizedhousingsuchasSection202.Becausehousingprogramsarenotanentitlement,however,supply-sideanddemandsideprogramstogetherareonlyabletomeettheneedsofabout1/3ofelderlyrenterswhoqualifyonthebasisofincome.

WhileadvocatesforhousinghavebeentryingtoholdontotheexistingprogramsinthefaceofhugebudgetcutsatHUD,muchoftheattentionhasbeenshiftingtowardsmeetingtheshelterandserviceneedsofthefrailelderly.Thisemphasisreflectstheincreasingnumberofolderpersonsintheireightiesandninetieswhoneedaphysicallysupportiveenvironmentlinkedwithservices.ThisgroupofolderpersonsincludesahighpercentageofolderresidentsofpublicandSection202housing.Initiallybuiltforindependentolderpersonswhowereinitiallyinthelatesixtiesandearlyseventies,thistypeofhousingnowincludesolderpersonsintheireightiesandnineties,manyofwhomhaveagedinplace.Consequently,thegovernmentisfacedwithcreatingstrategiestobringservicesintothesebuildingsandretrofitthemtobettersuittheneedsoffrailolderpersons.Amajorinitiativeoftheearly1990s,whichmaybestalledbycurrentbudgetproblemsatHUD,hasbeenforthefederalgovernmenttopayforservicecoordinatorstoassesstheneedsofresidentsofgovernmentassistedhousingcomplexesandlinkthemwithservices.Asof1998,therewereapproximately1,000servicecoordinatorsattachedtogovernmentassistedhousingcomplexesacrossthecountry.

4.TheHousingContinuum:

ARangeofOptionsforElderly

Along-standingassumptioninthefieldofhousinghasbeenthataspersonsbecomemorefrail,theywillhavetomovealongahousingcontinuumfromonesettingtoanother.Asthefigureonhousingoptionssuggests,alongthiscontinuumarefoundarangeofhousingoptionsincludingsinglefamilyhomes,apartments,congregateliving,assistedliving,andboardandcarehomes（Kendig&Pynoos,1996）.Theendpointofthehousingcontinuumhasbeenthenursinghome.Theseoptionsvaryconsiderablyintermsoftheiravailability,affordability,andabilitytomeettheneedsofveryfrailolderpersons.

Theconceptofacontinuumofsupportivecareisbasedontheassumptionthathousingoptionscanbedifferentiatedbytheamountandtypesofservicesoffered;thesupportivenessofthephysicalsettingintermsofaccessibility,features,anddesign;andthecompetencylevelofthepersonstowhomthehousingistargeted.Thefigureonhousingoptionsindicateshowsuchoptionsgenerallymeettheneedsofolderpersonswhoarecategorized,asindependent,semi-dependentanddependent.Semi-dependentolderpersonscanbethoughtofasneedingsomeassistancefromotherpersonswithinstrumentalactivitiesofdailyliving（IADLs）suchascooking,cleaning,andshopping.InadditiontoneedingassistancewithsomeIADLs,dependentolderpersonsmayrequireassistancewithmorebasicactivitiessuchastoileting,eatingandbathing.Althoughsemi-dependentanddependentolderpersonscanbefoundthroughoutthehousingcontinuum,independentolderpersonsareveryunlikelytoresideinhousingtypessuchasassistedlivingspecificallydesignedandequippedtomeettheneedsoffrailolderpersonsunlesstheirspousesrequiretheseneeds.

Althoughthecontinuumofhousingidentifiesarangeofhousingtypes,thereisincreasingrecognitionthatfrailolderpersonsdonotnecessarilyhavetomovefromonesettingtoanotheriftheyneedassistance.Semi-dependentordependentolderpersonscanliveinavarietyofsettings,includingtheirownhomesandapartments,ifthephysicalenvironmentismademoresupportive,caregiversareavailabletoprovideassistanceandaffordableservicesareaccessible.

5.Conclusions

Housingplaysacriticalroleinthelivesofolderpersons.Mostolderhomeownerswhofunctionindependentlyexpressahighlevelofsatisfactionwiththeirdwellingunits.However,highhousingcosts,especiallyforrenters,remainafinancialburdenformanyolderpersonsandproblemsassociatedwithhousingconditionpersistespeciallyforlow-incomerentersandpersonslivinginruralareas.Federalhousingprogramssuchaspublichousing,Section202housing,andSection8housingcertificateshaveonlybeenabletoaddressthebasichousingproblemsofonlyaboutone-thirdofeligibleolderpersonsbecauseoflimitedbudgets.Moreover,ashortageofviableresidentialoptionsexistsforfrailolderpersons.Upuntilthelastdecade,housingfortheelderlywasconceivedofprimarilyasshelter.Ithasbecomeincreasinglyrecognizedthatfrailolderpersonswhoneededservicesandphysicallysupportivefeaturesoftenhadtomovefromtheirhomesorapartmentstosettingssuchasboardandcareornursinghomestoreceiveassistance.Overtime,however,theconceptofavarietyofhousingtypesthatcanbelinkedh