道路桥梁专业事故分析与预防毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文.docx

道路桥梁专业事故分析与预防毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文.docx

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道路桥梁专业事故分析与预防毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）

外文文献翻译

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事故分析与预防

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道路桥梁

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翻译日期：

2017.02.14

AccidentAnalysisandPrevention

Thispaperdescribesaprojectundertakentoestablishaself-explainingroads（SER）designprogrammeonexistingstreetsinanurbanarea.Themethodologyfocussedondevelopingaprocesstoidentifyfunctionalroadcategoriesanddesignsbasedonendemicroadcharacteristicstakenfromfunctionalexemplarsinthestudyarea.Thestudyareawasdividedintotwosections,onetoreceiveSERtreatments

designedtomaximisevisualdifferencesbetweenroadcategories,andamatchedcontrolareatoremainuntreatedforpurposesofcomparison.TheSERdesignforlocalroadsincludedincreasedlandscapingandcommunityislandstolimitforwardvisibility,andremovalofroadmarkingstocreateavisuallydistinctroadenvironment.Incomparison,roadscategorisedascollectorsreceivedincreaseddelineation,additionofcyclelanes,andimprovedamenityforpedestrians.Speeddatacollected3monthsafterimplementationshowedasignificantreductioninvehiclespeedsonlocalroadsandincreasedhomogeneityofspeedsonbothlocalandcollectorroads.Theobjectivespeeddata,combinedwithresidents’speedchoiceratings,indicatedthattheprojectwassuccessfulincreatingtwodiscriminablydifferentroadcategories.2010ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.

1.Introduction

1.1.Background

Changingthevisualcharacteristicsofroadstoinfluencedriverbehaviourhascometobecalledtheself-explainingroads（SER）approach（Theeuwes,1998;TheeuwesandGodthelp,1995;Rothengatter,1999）.Sometimesreferredtoassustainablesafety,asappliedintheNetherlands,thelogicbehindtheapproachistheuseofroaddesignsthatevokecorrectexpectationsanddrivingbehavioursfromroadusers（Wegmanetal.,2005;Welleretal.,2008）.TheSERapproachfocusesonthethreekeyprinciplesoffunctionality,homogeneity,andpredictability（vanVlietandSchermers,2000）.Inpractice,functionalityrequiresthecreationofafewwell-definedroadcategories（e.g.,throughroads,distributorroads,andaccessroads）andensuringthattheuseofaparticularroadmatchesitsintendedfunction.Multifunctionalroadsleadtocontradictorydesignrequirements,confusioninthemindsofdrivers,andincorrectexpectationsandinappropriatedrivingbehaviour.Clearlydefinedroadcategoriespromotehomogeneityintheiruseandpreventlargedifferencesinvehiclespeed,direction,andmass.Finally,predictability,orrecognisability,meanskeepingtheroaddesignandlayoutwithineachcategoryasuniformaspossibleandclearlydifferentiatedfromothercategoriessothatthe

functionofaroadiseasilyrecognisedandwillelicitthecorrectbehaviourfromroadusers.TheSERapproachhasbeenpursuedtothelargestextentintheNetherlandsandtheUnitedKingdombutithasalsobeenofsomeinterestinNewZealand.In2004,theNationalRoadSafetyCommitteeandtheMinistryofTransportarticulatedanewNationalSpeedManagementInitiativewhichstated“Theemphasisisnotjustonspeedlimitenforcement,itincludesperceptualmeasuresthatinfluencethespeedthatadriverfeelsisappropriateforthesectionofroaduponwhichtheyaredriving–ineffectthe‘selfexplainingroad”’（NewZealandMinistryofTransport,2004）.

Incognitivepsychologicalterms,theSERapproachattemptstoimproveroadsafetyviatwocomplementaryavenues.Thefirstistoidentifyanduseroaddesignsthatafforddesirabledriverbehaviour.Perceptualpropertiessuchasroadmarkings,delineatedlanewidth,androadsideobjectscanfunctionasaffordancesthatserveasbuiltininstructionsandguidedriverbehaviour,eitherimplicitlyorexplicitly（Charlton,2007a;Elliottetal.,2003;Welleretal.,2008）.Thisworkismoreorlessadirectdevelopmentofworkonperceptualcountermeasures,perceptualcuesintheroadingenvironmentthatimplyorsuggestaparticularspeedorlaneposition,eitherattentionallyorperceptually（Charlton,2004,2007b;Godleyetal.,1999）.AsecondaspectoftheSERapproachistoestablishmentalschemataandscripts,memoryrepresentationsthatwillallowroaduserstoeasilycategorisethetypeofroadonwhichtheyare.

1.2.Localisedspeedmanagement

Thetraditionalapproachestoimprovingspeedmanagement,trafficcalmingandlocalareatrafficmanagement（LATM）havefocussedontreatingspecificproblemlocationsor“blackspots”inresponsetocrashoccurrencesorcomplaintsfromthepublic（Ewing,1999）.Apotentialdisadvantageoftheseapproachesisthataddressingtheproblemwithlocalisedtreatmentscanleadtoare-emergenceoftheproblematanotherlocationnearby.Further,whenappliedinappropriately,localisedapproachesmayaddresstheproblemfromonlyoneperspective,withoutconsideringtheimpactonothertypesofroadusersorresidents.Whentrafficcalmingtreatmentsrelyonphysicalobstaclessuchasspeedhumpstheycanbeveryunpopularwithbothresidentsandroadusersandcancreatenewproblemsassociatedwithnoise,maintenance,andvandalism（Martensetal.,1997）.

FromanSERperspective,treatmentsthatarehighlylocalizedoridiosyncraticmaydomoreharmthangoodbyaddingtothemultiplicityofroadcategoriesanddriveruncertainty,ratherthanbuildingdriverexpectationsaroundafewuniformroadtypes.Insteadofconsideringasinglelocationinisolation,SERroaddesignsareconsideredwithinahierarchyofroadfunctions;e.g.,accessroads,collectorroads,andarterialroads.AlthoughSERschemesmayemployphysicaldesignelementsusedintrafficcalmingschemes（e.g.,roadnarrowingwithchicanesandaccesscontrols）theyalsoemployarangeofmorevisuallyorientedfeaturessuchasmedianandedgelinetreatments,roadmarkings,pavementsurfaces,androadsidefurniture.ForaneffectiveSERschemeitisimportanttoselectthecombinationoffeaturesthat

willaffordthedesireddriverspeedsandtoensuretheirconsistentusetoformdistinctcategoriesofroadtypes（vanderHorstandKaptein,1998;Wegmanetal.,2005）.roadcategorythatwouldmeetthethreeSERprinciplesoffunctional

use,homogeneoususe,andpredictableuse.Herrstedt（2006）reportedontheuseofastandardisedcatalogueoftreatmentscompiledfromresearcherandpractitioneradvice.GoldenbeldandvanSchagen（2007）usedasurveytechniquetodetermineroadcharacteristicsthatminimisethedifferencebetweendrivers’ratingsofpreferredspeedandperceivedsafespeedandselectroadfeaturesthatmakepostedspeeds“credible”.AartsandDavidse（2007）usedadrivingsimulatortoverifywhetherthe“essentialrecognisabilitycharacteristics”ofdifferentroadclassesconformedtotheexpectationsofroadusers.Welleretal.（2008）employedarange

ofstatisticaltechniques,includingfactoranalysisandcategoricalclusteringtoestablishtheroadcharacteristicsthatdriversusetocategorisedifferentroadtypes.ThepracticaldifficultiesofimplementinganSERsystemthusbecomeamatteroffindinganswerstoaseriesofquestions.Howdoesonecreateadiscriminableroadhierarchyforanexistingroadnetwork?

Whatroadcharacteristicsshouldbemanipulatedtoestablishcategory-definingroadfeatures?

HowcanSERroadfeaturesandselectionmethodsbemaderelevantandappropriateforalocalcontext?

（RoaddesignsappropriateforTheNetherlandswouldnotbesuitableinNewZealand,inspiteofitsname.）Asurveyofnationalandinternationalexpertopinioninorderestablishcategory-definingroadfeaturesforNewZealandroadsrevealedthattheregionalcharacterandlocaltopographyofroadsoftenundercuttheusefulnessofanystandardisedcatalogueofdesigncharacteristics（CharltonandBaas,2006）.

1.4.Goalsofthepresentproject

TheprojectdescribedinthispapersoughttodevelopanddemonstrateanSERprocessbasedonretrofittingexistingroadstoestablishaclearmulti-levelroadhierarchywithappropriatedesignspeeds,ensuringthateachlevelinthehierarchypossessedadifferent“lookandfeel”.RatherthantransferringSERdesigns

alreadyinuseinternationally,theprojectattemptedtodevelopamethodthatwouldbuildonthefeaturesofroadsinthelocalarea;extendingroadcharacteristicswithdesirableaffordancestootherroadslackingthemandcreatingdiscriminableroadcategoriesintheprocess.Ofinterestwaswhethersuchaprocesscouldproducecost-effectivedesignsandwhetherthosedesignswouldbeeffectiveincreatingdifferentroaduserexpectationsanddistinctspeedprofilesforroadsofdifferentcategories.

2.Methods

Theresearchmethodology/SERdesignprocessdevelopedforthisprojectprogressedthroughaseriesoffivestages:

（1）selectionofstudyarea;

（2）identificationoftheroadhierarchy;（3）analysisoftheroadfeatures;（4）developmentofadesigntemplate;and（5）implementationandevaluationoftheSERtreatments.Eachofthestagesisdescribedinthesectionsthatfollow.

2.1.Selectionofstudyarea

Thestudyareaforthisproject（PtEngland/GlenInnesinAuckland）wasselectedinconsultationwithaprojectsteeringgroupcomprisedofrepresentativesfromtheMinistryofTransport,NewZealandTransportAgency,NewZealandPolice,andotherlocaltransportandurbanagencies.Thestudyareawasanestablishedneighbourhoodcontainedamixofprivateresidences,smallshops,schools,andchurches,andwasselected,inpart,becauseofitshistoryofcyclist,pedestrianandlossofcontrolcrashes,almosttwicethenumber。

2.MethodsTheresearchmethodology/SERdesignprocessdevelopedforthisprojectprogressedthroughaseriesoffivestages:

（