英语阅读理解科普环保题20套带答案.docx

英语阅读理解科普环保题20套带答案.docx

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英语阅读理解科普环保题20套带答案

英语阅读理解（科普环保）题20套（带答案）

一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类

1．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

   Throughoutmuchofhumanhistory,manhasbeenthemeasureofmany,ifnotall,things.Lengthsweredividedupintofeetandsmallerunitsfromthehumanhand.Othermeasureswereequallycharacteristic.Mediterraneantradersforcenturiesusedtheweightofgrainsofwheattodefine（定义）theirunitsofmass.TheRomansusedlibra,forerunnerofthepound,byreferringtotheweightofacarob（角豆树）seed.

   Thesizesofsimilarlynamedunitscouldalsodiffer.Theking'sfoot,usedinFrancefornearly1,000yearsafteritsintroductionbyCharlemagneinaround790AD,was,at,aroundacentimetershorterthantheBelgicfoot,usedinEnglanduntil,EgyptianandBabylonianversionsofwaterinafixedcontainervariedfromoneanotherbyafewkilos,Norwasthereagreementonsuchthingswithincountries.InFrance,wheretherewasnounified（统一的）measurementsystematthenationallevel,thesituationwasparticularlyterrible.Thelieue（formermeasureofdistance）,forexample,variedfromjustover3kminthenorthtonearly6kminthesouth.

   AlthoughJohnWilkins,anEnglishman,firstputforwardadecimalsystem（十进制）ofmeasurementin1668,itwastheFrenchwhoin1799madeitlaw.TheSystèmeInternationald'Unités（SI,orthemetricsystem,asitisbetterknown）developedfromitandbecametheofficialmeasurementinallcountriesexceptMyanmar,LiberiaandtheUnitedStates.NowtheInternationalBureauofWeightsandMeasuresinParisissettogivethemetricsystemitsbiggestshake-upyet.

   AtameetinginVersailles,France,onNovember16th,2018,theworld'smeasurementbodiesarealmostcertaintoapproveadecisionthatwillmeanfouroutofthesevenbaseSIunits,includingthekilogram,willfollowtheotherthree,includingthemetre,inbeingredefinedintermsofthevaluesofphysicalconstants（物理常数）.Eachofthechosenconstantshasbeenmeasuredincrediblyprecisely,whichwouldmeanthatfromMay20th2019theconstantswillthemselvesbefixedattheircurrentvaluesforever.Anylaboratoryintheworldwillthenbeabletomeasure,forexample,themassofanobjectaspreciselyastheaccuracyoftheirequipmentwillallow.

~

（1）WhatdoesParagraph1mainlytellus

wentbeforelibrainmeasurement.

thingsusedtobeadoptedasmeasures.

wereacceptedasmeasuresbytheRomans.

measurementsystemsweregraduallyformed.

（2）Howdoestheauthordevelopthesecondparagraph

timeorder.

analysis.

<

spaceorder.

comparison.

（3）WhichofthefollowingcountriesusedSIasanofficialmeasurement

.

.

.

.

（4）Whatwilltheworld'smeasurementbodiesachieveatthemeetingheldinVersailles

}

willcomeupwithsevennewSIunits.

willsetMay20thasanewinternationalfestival.

willredefinefourSIunitsincludingthekilogram.

willdecideonanewmeasureusedinthelaboratory.

【答案】

（1）B

（2）D

（3）A

（4）C

《

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，法国凡尔赛宫举办的国际计量大会，将对目前使用的国际单位制中的四个基本单位进行重新定义，其中包括对千克的重新定义。

（1）考查推理判断。

根据第一段中的“manhasbeenthemeasureofmany,ifnotall,things”以及下文提到的用作计量单位的手、脚、谷物重量和参考角豆种子重量的磅可知，本段主要讲述了不同的东西被用作计量单位。

故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。

根据第二段中的“Theking'sfoot...aroundacentimetreshorterthantheBelgicfoot”和“Greek,EgyptianandBabylonianversionsofwaterinafixedcontainervariedfromoneanotherbyafewkilos,以及Thelieue（formermeasureofdistance）,forexample,variedfromjustover3kminthenorthtonearly6kminthesouth”可推知，本段作者主要运用了对比的写作方法，把同一计量单位在不同国家之间或者在同一国家不同区域间的差异进行了说明。

故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的“itwastheFrenchwhoin1799madeitlaw和TheSystèmeInternationald'Unités（SI,orthemetricsystem,asitisbetterknown）developedfromitandbecametheofficialmeasurementinallcountriesexceptMyanmar,LiberiaandtheUnitedStates”可知，在所给出的四个国家中，只有法国采用国际单位制（SI）。

国际单位制是现时世界上最普遍采用的标准度量衡单位系统，采用十进制进位系统。

故选A。

（4）考查细节理解。

根据最后一段中的“AtameetinginVersailles,France,onNovember16th,2018,theworld'smeasurementbodiesarealmostcertaintoapproveadecisionthatwillmeanfouroutofthesevenbaseSIunits...willfollowtheotherthree...inbeingredefinedintermsofthevaluesofphysicalconstants”可知，在法国凡尔赛宫召开的会议上，七个基本计量单位中的四个将被重新定义，其中包括对千克的重新定义。

故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读下面文章，然后从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出每个问题的最佳选项。

}

   Mytwo-andfour-year-oldboyslovetowin,whetherthey'reracingtheirbikesdownthesidewalkorjustfinishingtheirsnacks.It'struethatthosewithhighstatus,fromworldleadersandprizewinnerstoathletesandmoviestars,arepeoplewelikeandrespect.ArecentstudypublishedinNatureHumanBehaviourshowedthatweseemtohaveaninnate（天生的）preferenceforhigh-rankingpeoples—butonlyifthosepeoplearen'thurtfultowardothers.

   Researchersshowedtoddlers（aged21to31months）ascenewheretwopuppets（木偶）approachedoneanotherfromoppositesidesofastageandonebowedtolettheotherpassfirst.Askedwhichpuppettheylikedbetter,18ofthe21toddlersintheexperimentreachedforthepuppetwhohadbeenallowedtopass.Becauserespectfromothersisamarkerofstatus,thissuggeststhatchildrenhaveapreferenceforthosewithahigherstatus—evenbeforeagethree.

   However,theresultswerequitedifferentwhentwopuppetsapproachedoneanotherandoneusedforcetoknocktheotherdownbeforecontinuingtotheotherside.Inthiscase,18ofthe21toddlersreachedfortheonewhowasknockeddown.Astheresearchersconcluded,"Whenapproachingothers,veryyoungchildrencarenotonlywhowins,butalsohow."Thepreviousexperimenthasshownthattoddlersknowaboutsocialstatus,butthisexperimentwentonestepfurtherbyprovingtheyhaveanobviouspreferenceforhighstatus.Sincetheparticipantsweresoyoung,thismightevenbeaninnatehumanpreference.

   Inaword,thisnewresearchsuggeststhatyoungchildrenappreciatepeoplewhodowellwhileatthesametimedoinggoodtoothers.So,whenmyfour-year-oldthinksthathehastogethisshoesonfirst,I'llkeepremindinghimthathelpinghisbrothersotheybothfinishfasteriswhatwinningisallabout.

（1）Whatdowetendtodoaccordingtothefirstparagraph

challengesallthetime.

high-rankingpeople.

advantageofhighstatus.

\

otherswithoffensivewords.

（2）Whydidtoddlerspreferthepuppetallowedtopass

lookedadorable.

behavedsmartly.

seemedpolite.

wasrespected.

（3）Whatcanweinferfromthelatterstudy

peoplearebetterlovedbytoddlers.

~

naturallydislikeunkindbehavior.

carelittleabouthighsocialstatus.

helpfulcontributestobeingsupported.

（4）Whatshouldwedowhenweencouragechildrentowin

themtouseproperandcreativeways.

themtobeashardworkingaspossible.

themtobeconsideratetootherpeople.

themtotrytocooperatewithsomeoneelse.

【

【答案】

（1）B

（2）D

（3）B

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人们更倾向于喜欢和尊敬地位高而又无害于他人的人，这似乎是一种天性，即使是蹒跚学步的孩子也是如此。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第一段中的“ArecentstudypublishedinNatureHumanBehaviourshowedthatweseemtohaveaninnate（天生的）preferenceforhigh-rankingpeoples—butonlyifthosepeoplearen'thurtfultowardothers.”可知，我们更倾向于敬佩那些地位高的人。

故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据第二段中的“Askedwhichpuppettheylikedbetter,18ofthe21toddlersintheexperimentreachedforthepuppetwhohadbeenallowedtopass.Becauserespectfromothersisamarkerofstatus,thissuggeststhatchildrenhaveapreferenceforthosewithahigherstatus—evenbeforeagethree.”可知，蹒跚学步的孩子喜欢那个被允许通过的木偶，是因为这种行为代表着受人尊敬，孩子们更喜欢受尊敬的人。

故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据第三段中的“Inthiscase,18ofthe21toddlersreachedfortheonewhowasknockeddown.和Sincetheparticipantsweresoyoung,thismightevenbeaninnatehumanpreference.”可知，孩子们会走向被撞倒的人，而由于孩子太小，甚至可能是人类与生俱来的偏好。

由此可推断出，人们天生不喜欢不友善的行为。

故选B。

·

（4）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的“Inaword,thisnewresearchsuggeststhatyoungchildrenappreciatepeoplewhodowellwhileatthesametimedoinggoodtoothers.”可知，孩子欣赏那些在做好事的同时表现出色的人。

由此可推断出，我们鼓励孩子去赢的同时，提醒他们要体谅他人。

故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科教类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

3．犇犇阅读理解

   Researchershavefoundbeescandobasicmathematics,inadiscoverythatdeepensourunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenbrainsizeandbrainpower.Recently,AstudyconductedbyresearchersfromRMITUniversityinMelbourne,Australiashowedthatbeescouldperformarithmeticoperationslikeadditionandsubtraction（减法）.

   Solvingmathproblemsrequiresacomplexlevelofinvolvingthementalmanagementofnumbers,long-termrulesandshort-termworkingmemory.ThefindingthateventhetinybrainofahoneybeecangraspbasicmathematicaloperationshasapossibleeffectonthefuturedevelopmentofArtificialIntelligence,particularlyinimprovingrapidlearning.

   RMIT'sProfessorAdrianDyersaidnumerical（数字的）operationslikeadditionandsubtractionarecomplexbecausetheyrequiretwolevelsofprocessing.“Youneedtobeabletoholdtherulesaroundaddingandsubtractinginyourlong-termmemory,whilementallyusingskillfullyasetofgivennumbersinyourshort-termmemory,”Dyersaid.“Ontopofthis,ourbeesalsousedtheirshort-termmemoriestosolvearithmeticproblems,astheylearnedtorecognizeplusorminusasabstractconcepts.”

   Thefindingssuggestthatadvancednumericalcognition（认知）maybefoundmuchmorewidelyinnatureamongnon-humananimalsthanpreviouslysuspected.

。

   “Ifmathdoesn'trequireamassivebrain,theremightalsobenewwaysforustoincludeinteractionsofbothlong-termrulesandworkingmemoryindesignstoimproverapidAIlearningofnewproblems,”saidDyer.

   Manyspeciescanunderstandthedifferencebetweenquantitiesandusethistosearchforfood,makedecisionsandsolveproblems.Bu