江苏大学研究生英语课程讲义整理.docx

江苏大学研究生英语课程讲义整理.docx

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江苏大学研究生英语课程讲义整理

Unit1GeneralDescriptionofLiteratureReadingandTranslation

1.DefinitionofLiterature

Literatureisageneraltermforprofessionalwritingsintheformofbooks,papers,andotherdocumentations.

2.ClassificationofLiterature

1）Textbooks（教科书）：

Ingeneral,atextbookisakindofprofessionalwritingspeciallydesignedforthestudentsinagivenbranchoflearning.

2）Monographs（专著）：

Amonographisanartideorshortbookononeparticularsubjectorbranchofasubjectthatthewriterhasstudieddeeply.

3）Papers（论文）：

Acompletepaperisusuallycomposedofthefollowingelements:

title,author,affiliation,abstract,keywords,introduction,theoreticalanalysisand/orexperimentaldescription,resultsanddiscussionorconclusion,acknowledgments,references,etc.

4）Encyclopedias（百科全书）：

Anencyclopediaisabookorsetofbooksdealingwitheverybranchofknowledge,orwithoneparticularbranch,inalphabeticalorder.

5）Periodicals（期刊）：

Aperiodicalisaseriesofpublicationsthatappearatregularintervals.

6）SpecialDocumentation（特别文件）：

Specialdocumentationreferstoalltheprintedmaterialsthatarenon-booksornon-periodicals.

3.LinguisticFeaturesofScientificLiterature

1）Stylistically（在文体上）,literatureisakindofformalwriting.

2）Syntactically（在语句构成上）,scientificliteraturehasrigorousgrammaticalstructures,andinmostcasesisratherunitary.

3）Morphologically（在词法上）,scientificliteratureisfeaturedbyhighspecialization,theuseoftechnicaltermsandjargons,unambiguousimplicationandthefixedsenseoftheword.

4）Besides,non-verballanguageisalsoverypopularinvariousliteraturessuchassigns,formulas,charts,tables,photos,etc.

4.Discussion

1.Whatisyouropinionontheimportanceoftranslation?

Canyoucitesomeexamplestosupportyouridea?

Asameansofcommunication,translationplaysanimportantroleinhumancivilization.forexample,intheWest,literarytranslationcanbetracedbackto300BC;whileinChina,recordedtranslationactivitiesareevenearlier,datingfromZhouDynasty（1100BC）.

Amodernsocietyseesanextensiveuseoftranslationonvariousoccasions.Properanddexteroustranslationhelpspromotemutualunderstandingbetweenpeoplesofdifferentculturalandsocialbackgrounds.Forexample,theordinaryword“menu”.Itsoriginalmeaningis“alistofdishesinamealortobeorderedasseparatedmeals.However,whenitisusedincomputerscience,itsmeaningshiftsto“alistshownonthedisplayofacomputerfromwhichausercanselecttheoperationthecomputeristoperform.”

2.Whatistranslation?

Doyouagreewiththeauthor’spointofview?

Whyorwhynot?

Iftheword“translation”referstoasubject,itisascience.Ifitreferstosomespecificpiecesoftranslation,itismorelikeanart.Ifitreferstoaprocess,wemayregarditasacraftorskill.

Yes,becausetheanswerdependsonhowweunderstandorinterprettheword“translation”.

3.Howistranslationgenerallycategorized?

Whichcategoriesareyoufamiliarwith?

Intermsoflanguages,translationcanbedividedintotwocategories:

fromnativelanguagesintoforeignlanguagesandviceversa.

Intermsofthemode,itcanbedividedintooralinterpretationandwrittentranslation.

Intermsofmaterialstobetranslated,therearetranslationofscientificmaterials,translationofliteraryworks,etc..

Intermsofdisposal,itcanbeeitherfull-texttranslation,abridgedtranslationoradaptedtranslation.

4.HowdoyouunderstandMr.Yan’sthree-wordguidexin,da,ya?

What’syouropinionontheprinciplesorcriteriaoftranslation?

Xin,da,yanamely,“faithfulness（信）,expressiveness（达）,andelegance（雅）”.Theprinciplesandcriteriaoftranslationareactuallythetwosidesofthesamecoin.Onthepartofthetranslator,heorsheshouldfollowthemwhiletranslating;whereasonthepartofthereaderorcritic,heorshemayusetheprinciplesandcriteriatoevaluatetranslationworks.

Accuracy（准确）andsmoothness（流畅）.

5.Whatareliteraltranslation（直译）andfreetranslation（意译）?

Andwhatprinciplesshouldatranslatorabidebyinapplyingthem?

Literaltranslationmeansnottoaltertheoriginalwordsandsentences.

Freetranslationisanalternativeapproachwhichisusedmainlytoconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginalwithouttryingtoreproduceitssentencepatternsorfiguresofspeech.

Intheapplicationofliteraltranslation,weshouldendeavortoridourselvesofstiffpatternsandrigidadherencetotranslationrules,tryingtobeflexible;whileinthepracticeoffreetranslation,weshouldbecautiousofsubjectivity,avoidinggroundlessaffirmationorarbitraryfabrication.

6.Whatdoyouknowabouttranslationtechniquesingeneral?

Andscientificliteraturetranslationinparticular?

Generallyspeaking,thebasictranslationtechniquesinclude:

（1）Diction（选词用字）;

（2）Amplification（增益）;（3）Omission（省略）;（4）Repetition（重复）;（5）Conversion（转换）;（6）Rearrangement（词译调整）;（7）Negation（正说反译，反说正译）;（8）Division（长句拆译）.

Scientificmaterialsstresstheirpreciseness.

Unit2ProfessionalPapers

1.Definitionofprofessionalpapers

Aprofessionalpaperisatypewrittenpaperinwhichprofessionalspresenttheirviewsandresearchfindingsonachosentopic.

2.Classificationofprofessionalpapers

1）ReportPaper：

Thereportpapersummarizesandreportsthefindingsofanotheronaparticularsubject.

2）Researchpaper：

Aresearchpapercanbeintelligent,wellinformed,interesting,andoriginalinitsconclusions.

3）CoursePaper：

Coursepapersarewrittenafteraspecificcourseislearnedoraredesignedattheendofaterm,alsocalled“termpaper”.

4）ThesisPaper：

Unlikereportpapers,thethesispapertakesadefinitestandonanissue.Athesisisapropositionorpointofviewthatawriterorspeakeriswillingtoargueagainstordefend.

3.LinguisticFeaturesofProfessionalPapers

1）FormalStyle（正式性）：

Aprofessionalpaperdealswiththestudyofsomeobjectivefactsorproblems,andtheconclusionthatisdrawnshouldbebasedonrelevantdata,notonpersonallikesanddislikes.Generallyspeaking,formalwritingsetsanunusuallyhighvalueonobjectivity,meticulousness,accuracy,andrestraint.

2）SpecializedTerms（专业性）：

Thetermsinprofessionalpapersaretypicallyspecialized.

3）RigidSentenceStructure（严谨的句式结构）：

Theargumentsinprofessionalpaperswillbeconciselyandconcretely.

4）FormattedElements（固定的内容格式）：

Acompleteprofessionalpaperusuallyhasaregularformatcomposedofthefollowingelements:

thetitle,author（s）,affiliation（s）,abstract,keywords,introduction,bodyofthepaper（theoreticaldescriptionincludingcalculation,inference,reasoning,conclusion,etc.orexperimentaldescriptionincludingtechniques,methods,materials,resultsandanalysis,etc.）,acknowledgments,appendices,referencesorbibliography,etc.

4.Discussion

1.Howisaprofessionalpaperdefined?

Whatisyourunderstandingofaprofessionalpaper?

Aprofessionalpaperisatypewrittenpaperinwhichprofessionalspresenttheirviewsandresearchfindingsonachosentopic.

Thetaskoftheauthorofapaperistoreadonaparticulartopic,gatherinformationaboutit,andreportthefindingsinit.Aprofessionalpapermustconformtoaspecialformat.Aprofessionalpaperinvolvestheuseoflibrarysourcesfromwhichfacts,quotations,andtheopinionsofothersaredrawntoexplain,support,orauthenticateideasinthepaper.

2.Howarepapersclassified?

Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetween/amongthem?

ReportPaper,ResearchPaper,CoursePaper,ThesisPaper.

3.Whatarethelinguisticfeaturesofprofessionalpapers?

FormalStyle,SpecializedTerms,RigidSentenceStructure,FormattedElements.

4.Wherecanyousearchfordifferentkindsofpapersfromvarioussources?

Journals（期刊）/Acta（学报）/Bulletins,CircularsorGazettes（公告，通告）/RapidCommunications/Reviews/Proceedings/DissertationAbstractInternational/ComprehensiveDissertationIndex（CDI）（综合报告索引）/OnlineAccesstoDissertation.

5.Diction

story

（1）Thiswarisbecomingthemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.

（event）这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。

（2）Itisquiteanotherstorynow.

（situation）现在的情况完全不同了。

（3）Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthesessionbrokethestory.

（insideinformation）有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。

（4）He'llbeveryhappyifthatstoryholdsup.

（statement）如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。

（5）TheRitaHaywothstoryisoneofthesaddest.

（experience）丽泰·海华丝的遭遇算是最惨的了。

（6）AyoungmancametoScotti'sofficewithastory.

（lawcase）一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。

书

（1）申请书LetterofApplication

（2）报告书Report

（3）协议书Agreement

（4）成绩通知书GradeReport

（5）（使用）说明书Directions

（6）旅行委托书BookingForm

（7）成交确认书SalesConfirmation

（8）电视机使用说明书TelevisionOperationGuide

（9）白皮书WhiteBook

（10）家书LetterfromHome

develop

（1）Hisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertakeoff.（发动机）

（2）Modemaircraftaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.（产生）

（3）Inspiredbytheseideas,in1752Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod.（发明）

（4）Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations.（提出）

（5）Untilthedomaintheoryofmagnetismwasdeveloped,theydidnothavemuchsuccess.（丰富）

（6）Todevelopthecapabilitiesofgeophysicalprospecting,therenewalofthetechniquesandequipmentisthefirstthingtobeconsidered.（提高）

（7）Mostofthemoneycamefromsellingthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped.（培育新品种）

（8）AsyoungGoddardgrewintomanhood,hedevelopedtuberculosis.（患上结核病）

（9）Wemustdevelopallthenaturalsubstancesinourcountrywhichcanmakeusrich.（开发资源）

（10）Severalattemptshavebeenmadethroughthe