英国文学选读笔记.docx

英国文学选读笔记.docx

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英国文学选读笔记

英国文学选读笔记

ThomasMore:

Utopia《乌托邦》

FrancisBacon:

Essays《论说文集》或《随笔》"Knowledgeispower."—Bacon

EdmundSpencer:

FaerieQueen《仙后》"Oursweetestsongsarethosethatsingofsaddestfeelings."—Spencer

WilliamShakespeare（1564-1616）

1.23rd,April1564,Stratford-on-Avon

2.HisFather,aleathermerchant皮货商

3.Hisschool,alocalGrammarschoolfor6years

4.Hislife,dramatist,actor,poet,proprietor

5.Hisfirstson,Hamnet

6.4tragedies:

Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth（RomeoandJuliet）

7.Mainworks:

37plays,154sonnets,2narrativeplays

戏剧14行诗叙事诗

TitusAndronicus《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》

TamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》

TheTwoGentlemenofVerona《维罗纳二绅士》

Love'sLabor'sLost《爱的徒劳》

AMidsummerNight'sDream《仲夏夜之梦》

KingJohn《约翰王的生平和逝世》

MuchAdoaboutNothing《无事生非》

TheMerryWivesofWindsor《温莎的风流娘们》

JuliusCaesar《朱力叶斯·凯撒》

TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》

Asyoulikeit《皆大欢喜》

8.CarlMarx:

"AeschylusandShakespearearethetwogreatestdramaticgeniustheworldhaseverknown."

9.Hisfriend:

"Hedoesnotbelongtoonetime,butbelongstoalltimes

WilliamShakespeare'swritingfeature

1.Aplayintheplay.

2.BorrowplotsfromotherstoriessuchasRoman,Greekandancientmyth.

3.Severalthreadsrunningthroughtheplay.

4.Combinationoftragicandcomicelements.

WilliamShakespeare'swritingstyle

1.Tremendousvocabulary（16,000words,inventwords）

2.Literarydevices（alliteration,simile,metaphor）

3.Usepoetryinhisplay

WilliamShakespeare'shumanisticideas

1.Againstcrueltyandanti-naturalcharacterofcivilwars

2.Againstreligiouspersecution,racialdiscrimination,socialinequality.

3.Hatesrebellionanddespisesdemocracy

ThemesinShakespeare'ssonnets

1.Expressloveandpraisetoayoungman

2.Immortalizebeautythroughverses

3.Friendshiporbetrayaloffriendship

Sonnet

Origin:

Italy

Mostfamousandinfluentialsonneteer:

Petrach

SelectedReadingofShakespeare:

1.Shakespeare'sSonnet18:

a.LadiesintheeyesofShakespearearenotgoodandbeautiful.Hiswifeis8yearsolderthanhim.

b.Iambicpentameter

c.Mainideas:

i.Quatrain1:

praisethebeautyoftheyoungman

ii.Quatrain2:

changesinlifeandnature

iii.Quatrain3:

"your"beautywilllastforever

iv.Couplet:

"your"beautywillliveinmypoem.àImmortalizebeauty

2.AnExcerptfromTheMerchantofVenice

a.HowdoesShylockjustifyhimselfaccordingtotheaccusationofDukeandBassanio?

3reasons.

b.WhydoesShylocksticktohisbondinsteadoftakingtwicehisprinciple?

HehatestheChristiansandisdeterminedtorevengeonthembecausehisdaughterelopeswithaChristian.

c.WhatdoyouthinkofShylockintheearlycourtscene?

Whatabouthimlater?

Intheearlycourtscene,Shylockiscruel,eloquent,stubborn,tricky,isolatedfromlawandfriendship.Inthelatercourtscene,Shylockisgreedy,sympatheticandoppressedbyChristians.

d.WhatisShakespeare'sattitudetowardsShylock?

Hesympathizesthosewhoareoppressed.AntonioisoppressedbyShylock.ShylockisoppressedbyChristians.

e.Thewholeplayisatragi-comedy.Inthescene,Shylockisthetragicside.Antonioandhisfriendsisthecomicside.

JohnDonne（1572-1631）

1572Borninamerchantfamily

1591LearnlawattheInnsofCourtinLondon

PrivateSecretarytoSirThomasEgerton,theLordKeeperoftheGreatSeal.

160129y.MarriedEgerton'sniece,AnnMore.Heworkedhardtofightagainstpoverty.However,it'sasecretmarriage.Whenthemarriagewasexposed,hewasputintojail.TheEgertonsregardedthemarriageasanoffence.

1617Hiswifedied.Hedevotedhistimeandeffortstohispriestlyduties,writingsermonsandreligiouspoems.

1621DonnewasappointedtheDeanofSt.Paul'sandkeptthepostuntilhisdeath.

JohnDonne'smajorwork

1.SongsandSonnets,wrotebefore1600,55lovepoems.

2.TheElegiesandSatires,hiselegieswroteforlovewhereasothers'wroteformourningdeadpeople.

3.HolySonnets&Sermons,SonnetswroteaboutGod,sexuallife,problemofdeathandlife.SermonsareChristianpreaching.

JohnDonneisfamedfor3things

1.Agreatvisitorofladies

2.Agreatfrequenterofplays

3.Agreatwriterofconceitedverses

Athistime,JohnDonnewasfamedasapreacher.Today,heisfamedasalyricpoet.JohnDonnecomparedpartinglovetocompass,fleacomparedtotheunionoflovers.JohnDonne'sconceitcanbeseenfromhis"Gocatchingthefallingstar"inwhichhelistedmanyimpossiblethings—themostimpossiblethingisawoman'sfaithandheart.

Metaphysicalpoetry—iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17th-centurywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.

Metaphysicalpoets—arethepoetsinthe17cEnglandwhooftenunconventionallyuseconceitsandwit.Theimageryisdrawfromeverydaylife.Theformistheformofargument（withGod,lover,himself）.Thedictionissimpleandthelanguageiscolloquialbutpowerful.JohnDonneistheleadingof"metaphysicalschool".

SelectedReadingofJohnDonne

1.TheSunRising

2.Death,BenotProud

（1）

JohnMilton（1608-1674）

1608BorninLondon.ACatholicfamily.Hisfatherwasbothascholarandabusinessman.

1620EducatedatSt.Paul'sSchool

1625EducatedinCambridge

1643Marrieda17y.girlyoungerthanhim

1649AppointedLatinSecretarytoCromwell'sCouncilofState

1652Becametotallyblind.Hiswifedied.Hemarriedagain.

3periodsinJohnMilton'slife

1.Englishrevolution

1649CharlesIbeheaded.Cromwelltookthepower

1660Restoration.CharlesIItookthepower

2.Politicalideas:

expresshispoliticalideasinpamphlets

3.Poem:

ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegained,SamsonAgonistes.

ParadiseLostisalongepicdividedinto12books.Thethemeisthe"FallofMan",i.e.man'sdisobedienceandthelossofParadise.TheoriginalstoryistakenfromGenesis.AdamandEveareoriginallyininnocentspirituallove.TheyarepunishedbyGodbecausetheyeattheappleoftheTreeofKnowledgeseducedbyaserpent.Sincetheyeattheapple,theybegintomakelove.Godthinkstheyarenotinnocent.Theycommittedsin.GoddrivesAdamandEveoutofEden.SatanispunishedbyGodtosufferfromfire.Heknowsthathecan'twinGodbypower,sohewinsGodbycheating.HeseducedEvetoeattheapple.InParadiseLost,SatanistherebelwhoneverbowsdowntoGodevenwhenhefailed.Heisagoodmilitaryleader.HerefusestoacknowledgethepowerofGod.Heisdeterminedtocontinuethebattle.Hefeelssorrowatthesufferingsofthoseangels.Hehasledtosoterribleapunishment,butheisverycruel.Hehasindomitablepride,unconquerablerebellion,andthewilltoevilandpower.Hesaid,"Onlydoevil,nogood".HetriestobeasequalasGod.

SelectedReadingofJohnMilton：

AnExcerptfromParadiseLost

Chapter2TheNeoclassicalPeriod（1600-1798）

Theageofreasonandenlightenment.It'saturbulentperiod.

1660TheRestoration

1665TheGreatPlague—BlackDeath.70,000died,2/3homeless.

1688TheGloriousRevolution.JamesIIexiledabroad.ThepersecutionofProtestants.JamesII'sdaughterMarryandherwifeWilliamturnedbacktoEnglandasfigurehead（KingandQueen）withoutpower.PowerwasintheParliament.EnglandbecamethefirstcapitalistcountrywithConstitutionalmonarchy,whichmarkedtheendoffeudalsociety.

1798ThepublicationofLyricsbyWordsworth

IndustrialRevolution—atthe2ndhalfof18c

Preparationsfortherevolution

1.money—bytradingcompanies,e.g.EastIndiaCompany；—bymoneyinvestment

2.goods,materials—colonies,e.g.India,NorthAmerica

3.manpower—"ActofEnclosure".Thelandlessandhomelesspeasantbegantoworkincities；—theinventionoftextilemachine

Intherevolution,Bourgeois（middleclass）becamethemainclassinthesociety.Bankers,landlords,slavetraders,merchants,colonistscontrolledtheeconomyofthecountryatthetime.Theybelievedinself-relianceandhardworking.

TheGiantsoftheEnlightenmentMovement:

Voltaire伏乐泰,Mosteiqeu孟德斯鸠,Dierot狄德罗,Rousseau卢梭.

GothicNovel

1.Content:

magic,supernaturalelements,ghosts,monsters.

2.Setting:

oldcastle,graveyard,darkforest

3.Atmosphere:

horrible

JohnBunyan（1628-1688）

1628Borninapoortinker'sfamily.HereceivedlittleeducationinaGrammarSchool

1647MarriedaChristianwomanandbecameinterestedinChristianity.

1660Bunyanbegantopreach,buthedidn'thaveapreachinglicensesohewasputintojailfor6years.

1665GreatPlagueinEngland,hewasreleasedfromjail.Fewmonthslater,hewasinjailagainforanother6years.

1672DeclarationofIndependence,hewasreleasedagain.

1675Hislicenseoflaypreacherwastemporarilycancelledandhewasinprisonagain.

Throughouthislife,heonlyreadonebooktheBible.HismostfamousworkisThePilgrim'sProcess.

Bunyan'spurposeofwritingThePilgrim'sProcess

1.UrgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrine

2.Toseeksalvationthroughstrugglingwithhisownweaknessandsocialevils

ThecontentofThePilgrim'sProcessisaboutChristianity.Thetitlemeans"lifeisajourney".It'sametaphor.

FormofThePilgrim'sProcess:

Allegory

1.Astoryinverseorprosewithdoublemeaningsormeaningsattwolevels.

2.Higherlever-concerningmoral,religious,orpoliticalideas.Lowerlevel-yourunderstandingofthestory.

3.MaincharactersinthestoryChristian,Faithful,Hopeful.

4.Thedescriptionofthestoryisrealisticreligiousallegory.

SelectedReadingofJohnBunyan:

"TheVanityFair"fromThePilgrim'sProcess

Why"TheVanityFair"isasatireontherulingclassofEgnland?

1.It'sasymbolicpictureofLondonatthetimeofRestoration

2.InVanityFair,everythingcanbesoldandbought,dailynecessities