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精品专四复习doc
虚拟语气
1.主从句谓语动词的时态
(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:
主句从句
与现在事实相反would/情态动词过去式+dowere(不分人称)/did
与过去事实相反would/情态动词过去式+havedonehaddone
与将来事实相反would/情态动词过去式+doshoulddo/weretodo
如:
Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.
Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.
(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念:
主从句谓语动词所指时间不同,这叫做错综时间条件句,动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。
如:
Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.
(主句与现在事实相反,从句与过去事实相反)
HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.
(主句与现在事实相反,从句与过去事实相反)
⑶识别事实和假设混合句:
Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子前半部分为假设情况,而"父母病了"是事实)
Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.
前半部分为假设,后半部分是事实)
2.名词性从句的虚拟形式
名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。
考生应熟悉:
⑴下列动词做谓语时,that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式:
desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,voteo如:
Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.
Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.
(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时,that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式:
advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggestedo如:
Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.
Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.
(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句中动词用虚拟形式:
insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understandingo如:
JohnWagner5smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.
Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.
3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式
含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达,而是暗含在其他结构中。
考生应熟悉:
(1)连词but,butthat,or,orelse;副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。
如:
Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.
Victorobviouslydoesn'tknowwhafshappened;otherwisehewouldn'thavemadesuchastupidremark.
(2)介词短语暗含假设条件,常用的有:
without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。
如:
ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.
(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。
如:
Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.
(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。
如:
Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn5t.
4.常用虚拟形式的句型
(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型:
wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsuppose...
hadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposing...
Ifonly...Itis(high)timethat...(从句中动词只用过去式)
如:
Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn5ttalkaboutthematteranymore.
I'dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan]beartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.
IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.
Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.
(2)Ifitwerenotfor...(与现在事实相反)Ifithadnotbeenfor...(与过去事实相反)相当于butforQ如:
Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.
(3)lfonly...谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。
如:
Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.
(4)lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。
如:
Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.
(5)whether...or…有时谓语用be的原形,引导让步虚拟从句,这种用法经常采用倒装结构。
如:
Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.
Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.
非谓语动词的其他考点
1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以,但在意思上有区别的动词的用法
meantodo想要(做某事)meandoing意味(做某事)proposetodo打算(做某事)proposedoing建议(做某事)
forgettodo忘记(要做的事)forgetdoing忘记(已做的事)remembertodo记得(要做某事)rememberdoing记得(做过)
goontodo继而(做另一件事)goondoing继续(做原来的事)stoptodo停下来去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事
regrettodo(对将要做的事)遗憾regretdoing(对已做过的事)后悔
2.不定式的习惯用法
句型:
cannothelpbutdocannotbutdocannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。
如:
Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.
WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.
3.动名词的习惯用法句型:
bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.Ifsnogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfuItimedoingsth.spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.
cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth.
Iknowitisn'timportantbutIcan'thelpthinkingaboutit.Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.
Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.
4.therebe非谓语动词的用法
(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。
如:
Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)
(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用fortheretobe,做其他状语用therebeingo如:
Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.
(fortheretobe...在句中做目的状语)
Itisn5tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim'scaroutquitesafely.
(fortheretobe...在句中做程度状语)
Therebeingnofurtherquestions,wellstopheretoday,(therebeing...做原因状语)
(3)弓【导主语用fortheretobe。
如:
Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.
(4)做除for外的介词宾语,用therebeingo如:
Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.
不定式
1.不定式做主语
(1)引导逻辑主语的介词:
不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导:
absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrongo如:
Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.Ifscleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.
(2)不定式做主语补足语:
掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。
注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间,并采用相应形式。
如:
besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth.
2.不定式做宾语
掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词:
afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,ventureo如:
Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.
3.不定式做定语
(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定词时,该名词用不定式做定语。
如:
thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一个登上月球的女性
(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。
如:
tendencytodo-^tendtodo,decisiontodo一decidetodo
ThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。
如:
ambitiontodo“干的雄心”一beambitioustodo"有雄心干"curiositytodo"对
的好奇心”一>becurioustodo“对好奇”
abilitytodo“做……的能力”一abletodo“有能力做……”
AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies'abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.
(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语,这些名词包括:
way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动),effort等。
如:
IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.
Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.
(5)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot习惯上用不定式做定语。
如:
Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.
4.不定式做状语
不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。
(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)结构引导目的状语,soasto不能置于句首。
(2)so...asto,such...asto,enough...to,too...to结构做程度状语。
如:
Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don5thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.
ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.
(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾,表示不愉快的结果,有时用only加强语气。
常见的不定式动词有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。
如:
Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.
(4)not/nevertoo...to,too...notto,but/onlytoo...to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义。
如:
Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再听到你的消息,我太高兴了。
集体名词作主语主谓一致
1)通常作复数的集体名词
集体名词,如:
police,people,cattle,militia,poultry等,通常作复数,用复数动词。
如:
Domesticcattleprovideuswithmilk,beefandhides.
2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词
有些集体名词,如foliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,通常作不可数名词,随后的动词用单数。
例如:
AllthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinChina.
3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词
集体名词,如audience,committee,class,crew,family,public,government等,既可作单数,也可作复数用。
Thecitycouncilismeetingtosetitsagenda.
4)acommittee,etc.of+复数名词
如果主语是由(tacommitteeof/apanelof/aboardof+复数名词”构成,随后的动词通常用单数。
例如:
Acommitteeoffivemenandthreewomenistoconsiderthematter.
近义词辨析
tired,exhausted,fatigued,weary,wornout
这组词均含有“疲惫的”的意思。
tired
可指因体力或脑力消耗太多而需要休息,还可指因长期做某事而失去兴趣。
Henrywassotiredthathewenttobedimmediatelyafterhegothome.
亨利很疲惫,一到家就上床睡觉去了。
exhausted
表达的疲惫程度最强,指因劳累过度而精疲力竭。
Theexhaustedengineerfellasleeponthebus.
精疲力竭的工程师在公共汽车上睡着了。
fatigued所表达的疲劳程度比tired和weary强,表示由