虚拟语气和主谓一致.docx

虚拟语气和主谓一致.docx

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虚拟语气和主谓一致

主谓一致

⏹“一致”（concord或agreement）指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。

主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系，这又叫做“主-动一致”（Subject-verbConcord）。

指导原则

⏹1.语法一致原则（GrammaticalConcord）

⏹主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。

⏹Thenumberoferrorswassurprising.

⏹JaneandMarylookalike.

⏹2.意义一致原则（NotionalConcord）

⏹1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词为复数。

⏹Thecrowdwererunningfortheirlives.

⏹单数形式代表复数内容的词有：

people,police,cattle,militia等。

⏹2）主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。

⏹Thenewswasveryexciting.

⏹形复意单的单词有news,works（工厂）和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，physics,economics等。

⏹3.就近原则（PrincipleofProximity）

⏹谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。

如用连词or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…,butalso等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。

⏹EitheryourstudentsorMr.Wangknowsthis.

I.以S结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致

⏹1.以S结尾的表示疾病的名词作主语时谓语用单数

⏹arthritis:

关节炎bronchitis:

支气管炎

⏹mumps:

腮腺炎diabetes:

糖尿病

⏹phlebitis:

静脉炎

⏹但是measles（麻疹），rickets（软骨病）谓语可用单/复数

⏹2.以S结尾的表示游戏名称的名词谓语常用单数

⏹darts:

投镖游戏dominoes:

多米诺骨牌

⏹marbles:

打弹子游戏billiards:

台球

⏹但cards（打纸牌）用复数；

⏹当它们表示所用工具时谓语用复数

⏹DartsisoftenplayedinEnglishpubs.

⏹Twodartsarethrownateveryturn.

⏹3.以ics结尾的学科名称通常用单数

⏹mathematics:

数学physics:

物理学

⏹optics:

光学statistics:

统计学

⏹politics:

政治学acoustics:

声学/音响效果

⏹economics:

经济学athletics:

体育学

⏹mechanics:

机械学semantics:

语义学

⏹linguistics:

语言学tactics:

兵法/策略

⏹当这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义时用作复数

⏹Statisticsisnotasdifficultassomepeoplethink.

⏹Thelateststatisticsoncrimearebeyonddescription.

⏹注:

下列以ics结尾的名词仅用作单数

⏹classics:

杰作,著作comics:

连环图画

⏹ethics:

伦理学cosmetics:

化妆品

⏹4.以S结尾的地理名称如山脉，海峡，瀑布，群岛等谓语动词通常用作复数

⏹theWestIndies西印度群岛

⏹theBahamas巴哈马群岛

⏹theHimalayas喜马拉雅山脉

⏹theStraitsofGibraltar直布罗陀海峡

⏹theNiagaraFalls尼亚加拉瀑布

⏹theRockies落基山脉

⏹但如果是国名，则用作单数，如:

theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations,theNetherlands（荷兰）。

⏹5.由二部分组成的物体通常以S结尾，如果不带“一把”等单位词而单独使用，通常用作复数。

⏹scissors剪子shears大剪刀pincers、tongs钳子pliers老虎钳

pajamas睡衣，宽长裤suspenders吊裤带knickers短裤，灯笼裤pants裤子jeans工装裤shorts短裤briefs三角裤shoesglasses/spectacles眼镜binoculars望远镜chopsticks

⏹如带有单位词，则由单位词的单/复数来决定谓语动词的单/复数

⏹Apairofshoeswasonthedesk.

⏹6.下列以s结尾的名词通常用作复数

⏹archives:

档案arms:

武器

⏹eaves:

屋檐contents:

内容

⏹goods:

货物suburbs:

郊区

⏹thanks:

谢意wages:

工资

⏹stairs:

楼梯remains:

遗体

⏹morals:

道德，品行minutes:

记录

⏹注:

whereabouts（行踪，下落），dramatics（舞台艺术）可用单/复数

⏹7.凡是由-ings结尾的名词常用作复数

⏹clippings:

剪下来的东西filings:

锉屑

⏹earnings:

收入diggings:

掘出的东西

⏹lodgings:

租的房间surroundings:

环境

⏹sweepings:

扫拢的垃圾

⏹注:

tidings（消息,音信）可用作单或复数

⏹８.以Ｓ结尾的单，复数同形的名词，谓语动词形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是用作复数；意义不同，单／复数也不同

⏹barracks:

营房headquarters:

总部

⏹means:

方法,手段,工具series:

系列

⏹species:

种类works:

工厂

⏹crossroads:

十字路口

⏹Thisglassworkswassetupin2008.

⏹Theseglassworksareneartherailwaystation.

⏹9.少数名词用作单数和用作复数意义不同

⏹What’stheodds?

有什么要紧？

=whatdoesitmatter?

（差别）

⏹Theoddsareagainstus.我们成功的机会很小。

（可能的机会）

⏹Themartyr’sremainswereburiedatthefootofthehill.遗体

⏹Hereistheremainsofthetemple.遗迹

⏹练习：

⏹1.TheAlps（covers,cover）anareaof200,000squarekilometersand（is,are）thegreatestmountainrangeinEurope.

⏹2.Draughts（is,are）aneasiergamethanchess.

⏹3.What（is,are）hispolitics?

⏹4.TheremainsofShakespeare（is,are）buriedonStratford-on-Avon.

⏹5.Politics（is,are）theartorscienceofgovernment.

⏹6.MrSmith’smorals（is,are）abovecriticism.

⏹7.Usuallyabirdspeciesfacingthedangerofextinction（gains,gain）publicrecognition.

⏹8Thespeciesoffishintheaquarium（is,are）numerous.

⏹1.通常用作复数的集体名词:

people,police,folk,youth,cattle,poultry,militia,vermin

⏹Hiscattlewerestilllean.

⏹Suchverminasbugsandratsarehardtogetridof.

⏹Manycattlearekept.饲养了很多牲畜。

⏹Severalhundredpolicewereonduty.几百个警察在执勤。

⏹Thepolicearesearchingforhim.

⏹2.通常用作单数的集体名词:

advice,baggage,equipment,information,knowledge,machinery,scenery,news,foliage,merchandise,furniture

⏹Themerchandiseondisplayintheshopwindowisverygood.

⏹Allthemachineryisnew.

⏹3.既可用作复数也可用作单数的集体名词：

family,army,group,committee,company,government,enemy,class,team,party,club,majority,crowd,audience,jury,union,fleet（舰队）,faculty（能力；大学教职人员），crew，public

⏹Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.

⏹Hisfamilyisn’tlarge.

⏹Hisfamily___goingtohavealongjourney.

⏹Thewholefamily____watchingTV.

⏹练习：

⏹1.Thejury____inopinionabout“sentenceofdeath.”

⏹A.disagreesB.disagree

⏹C.agreesD.hasdisagreed

⏹2.Todaythepublic____aboutthewaynatureisbeingruined.

⏹A.areconcernedB.isconcerned

⏹C.havebeenconcernedD.isbeingconcerned

⏹3.Thecommitteecan'tcometoadecisionbecause____atodds.

⏹A.ithasB.theyhaveC.itisD.theyare

⏹4.Themajority_____onBen'sside,butPeterdisagreeswiththemontwopoints.

⏹A.wereB.wasC.isD.are

Keys:

bddd

III.并列结构（CoordinateSubject）做主语的主谓一致

⏹1.用and或both…and连接并列主语，谓语通常用复数

⏹Tomeantodosomethingandtoactuallydosomethingaretwoseparatethings.

⏹但是当并列主语指的是同一个人，事物或概念时，谓语用单数，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。

⏹Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.

⏹Thegirl’steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.

⏹Toloveandtobelovedisthegreathappiness.

⏹Totryandfailisbetterthannottotryatall.

⏹Aknifeandforkisonthetable.

⏹Breadandbutterisourdailyfood.

⏹类似结构有：

whiskyandsoda,strawberryandcream,saltandwater,hamandegg,cartandhorse，fishandchips等。

⏹2.当and连接的单数主语前面有each,every,manya,no等修饰时，（即manya…andmanya…;every…andevery…;each…andeach…;no…andno…）谓语动词用单数

⏹Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasseenthebrighter-than-expectedwhiteflashoflight.

⏹Noteacherandnostudentwaspresentattheopeningceremony.

⏹3.如主语是单数，尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan,ratherthan,like,but,except,besides,inadditionto等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数

⏹Thatman,aswellashiswife,isaccusedofmolestingminorssince1950s.

⏹Aprofessor,togetherwithhisstudents,wassenttoworkinNigeria.

⏹Theroomwithitsfurniturewasrented.

⏹4.由or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…but（also）,not…but等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语与邻近的主语取得一致

⏹Eitheryouorheistogo.

⏹NotonlyJoanbuthersistersknowthecombinationtothesafewhichcontainsthelistofthefamilysecurities.

⏹练习：

⏹1.____eitherheorhisaccountantsgoingtoclaimfortheloss?

⏹A.AreB.WereC.IsD.Does

⏹2.Joe’sfather,alongwithhistwouncles,____inNewYorkonemoreday.

⏹A.demandthathestay

⏹B.demandsthathestays

⏹C.demandsthathestay

⏹D.demandthathestays

⏹3.Everypolicemanandfireman____onthealert.

⏹A.havebeenB.wasC.areD.were

⏹Keys:

ccb

IV.代词以及“限定词+名词”作主语的主谓一致

⏹1.由不定代词every,each,eachone,eachof,another,either,neither,noone,theother,everybody,everything,manya,morethanone等作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数。

⏹Manyashiphasbeendamagedinthestorm.

⏹MorethanonemanbelievesthatthepromiseoftheAmericanDreamisstilloutofreachformanyblacksinthecity.

⏹2.由“agreatmany,agoodmany,agroupof,anumberof+复数名词”作主语时，谓语用复数。

IV.代词以及“限定词+名词”作主语的主谓一致

⏹Agreatmanygraduatesthinktheyareallentitledtomakeamistakeonceinawhile.

⏹3.allof,someof,alotof,halfof,mostof,themajorityof,twothirdsof,ninetypercentof,therestof,plentyof,partof,heapsof（堆）等+名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的单/复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数，因为这些词是中心词

⏹Halfoftheapplesgobad.

⏹Therestofthelandisuncultivated.

⏹练习：

⏹1.Althoughthefirstpartofthebookiseasy,therest_____.

⏹A.aredifficultB.hasproveddifficult

⏹C.issupposeddifficultD.havebeenfounddifficult

⏹2.Mrs.Angelfeelsveryhappywhentherest____appearance.

⏹A.makesB.maketheir

⏹C.hasmadetheirD.havemadehis

⏹3.Morethanoneexample____necessarytomakethestudentsunderstandthisruleclearly.

⏹A.shouldbeB.isC.areD.havebeen

⏹4.Anotherfiveweeks____necessaryforustofinishthework.

⏹A.areB.wereC.isD.willhavebeen

⏹Keys:

bbbc

V.数词、量词作主语的主谓一致

⏹1.表加，减，乘，除等算式时，谓语常用单数。

如数词是复数形式，如：

thousandsof,millionsof等，谓词常用复数

⏹Tenminustwoiseight.

⏹Fortydividedbyeightisfive.

⏹2.当aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,akindof,agreatdealof,agreatamountof等+复数主语时，谓语动词用单数形式

⏹AlargeportionofEmily'spoemswasfoundandpublishedafterherdeath.

⏹AseriesoflecturesoneducationalpsychologyissaidtobegivenbyE.Stone.

⏹3.当aflockof,adroveof,aschoolof,aswarmof,aherdof,apackof等集体名词被看作一个整体时，谓语用单数。

如指个体，用复数

⏹Usually,aherdofAfricanelephantshasuptoonethousandmembers.

⏹4.thenumberof+复数主语，谓语用单数；

anumberof+复数主语，谓语用复数

⏹AnumberofBritonsweresenttoTehranyesterday.

⏹ThenumberofBritonswasfifty-four.

⏹练习：

⏹1.ThenumberofstudentsintheoralEnglishprogramtraining____to20.

⏹A.limitsB.islimited

⏹C.limitedD.arelimited

⏹2.Aseriesofdebatesbetweenthelecturers____forthenextweekend.

⏹A.arescheduledB.wasscheduled

⏹C.werescheduled

⏹D.havebeenscheduled

⏹Keys:

bb

VI.分句，从句作主语的

主谓一致

⏹1.不定式分句和ing分词分句作主语，谓语用单数

⏹WritingstoriesandarticlesiswhatIenjoymost.

⏹2.名词性从句作主语，谓语动词常用单数

⏹Whatcausedtheaccidentisacompletemystery.

⏹ThatblacksinAmerica’ssecond-largestcityfaretheworstamongallmajorracesineducation,health,economics,housingandcriminaljusticeissaidbyastudyreleasedonWednesday.

⏹3.定语从句中从句与先行词的数保持一致

⏹Iamoneofthosepeoplewhobythegeneralopinionoftheworldarecountedbothinfamousandunhappy.

⏹GeorgeistheoneofthebrightestconfidantswhohasgraduatedfromMongoliaUniversity.

⏹I,whoamyourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.

⏹4.存在句中，be的单\复数适用就近原则

⏹Therehastobealotofgive-and-takeinanysuccessfulmarriage.

⏹Therearefourchairs,atable,and