语言学各章复习要点docx.docx

语言学各章复习要点docx.docx

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语言学各章复习要点docx

Chapter1

1.要点

a.thedefinitionoflanguage

b.thedesignfeaturesandthefunctionsoflanguage

c.thedistinctionbetweenhumanlanguageandanimalcommunicationorotherartificialsignsystem

d・majordistinctionsinlinguistics

2.实践

1）Unlikeanimalcommunicationsystems,humanlanguageis・

A.stimulusfreeB.stimulusbound

C.underimmediatestimuluscontrol

D・stimulatedbysomeoccurrenceofcommunalinterest

2）Whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?

A.interpersonalfunctionB.performativefunction

C.informativefunctionD・recreationalfunction

3）Thefunctionofthesentence"Waterboilsat100degreecentigrade^is・

A.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD・performative

4）hasbeenwidelyacceptedastheforefatherofmodernlinguistics?

A.ChomskyB.SaussureC・BloomfieldD.JohnLyons

Chapter2

1.要点

a.thedefinitionofphoneticsanditsthreemajorresearchfields

b・thelocation,characteristicsandfunctionofthespeechorgans

c.thedefinitionandclassificationsofconsonantsandvowels

d.theplaceofarticulationandmannerofarticulations

e.cardinalvowels

f.IPA

g.Broadandnarrowtranscriptionandthelippositioninthepronunciationofthecardinalvowels

h・Thedefinitionofphonology

i.Thecomparisonandcontrastbetweenphoneticsandphonology

j-Thedefinitionofphone,phoneme,allophone,minimalpairandfreevariation

k・Theoriesonphoneme,phonemiccontrastandcomplementarydistribution

1.Featuresonphoneticsimilarityanddistinction

m.Suprasegmentalfeatures（syllables,stress,tone,etc.）

2.实践

1）Ofthethreecavities,isthemostvariableandactiveinamplifyingandmodifyingspeech

sounds・

A.nasalcavityB.pharynxC.oralcavity

2）Allsyllablescontaina・

A.nucleusB.codaC.onset

3）Asoundwhichcapableofdistinguishingonewordoroneshapeofwordfromanotherina

givenlanguageisa・

A.allophoneB・phoneC・phoneme

4）isoneofthesuprasegmentalfeatures.

A.stopB.VoicingC・DeletionD.tone

5）Narrowtranscriptionisthephonetictranscriptionwith.

A.diacriticsB.distinctivefeaturesC・voicingD.articulation

6）Velarrefersto・

A.larynxB・softpalateC・voicingD・articulation

7）WhichofthefollowingconsonantsdoesnotexistinEnglish?

A.dentalstopB.bilabialstopC・alveolarstopD・velarstop

8.isnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglishphonology・

A.NasalityB.VoicingC.AspirationD.Rounding

9.isnotanEnglishconsonant.

A.labio-dentalplosiveb・alveolarnasalC・velarstopD.dentalfricative

10.Thechoiceofanallophoneinagivenphoneticcontextis・

A.randomB・predictableC・variableD.independent

11・Voicingofexplosivesisadistinctivefeaturein•

A.ChineseB.English

C・bothChineseandEnglishD.neitherChineseandEnglish

Chapter3

1-要点

a.thedefinitionsofthebasicconceptsinthischapter：

word,morpheme,morphology,freemorpheme,boundmorpheme,inflectionalaffixandderivationalaffix,

b.inflectionandwordformation,

3.实践

1）Compoundwordsconsistofmorphemes.

A.boundB.freeC.bothboundandfree

2）Nouns,verbs,adjectivesandmanyadverbsare・

A.grammaticalwordsB・LexicalwordsC.neithergrammaticalnorlexicalwords

3）"Radar”isa/an.

A.acronymB.blendingC.coinageD・clipping

4）Thewords"take”and“table”arecalledbecausetheycanoccurunattached.

A.formwordsB・boundmorphemesC・freemorphemesD.inflectionalmorphemes

5）Aismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.

A.BlendingB.AcronymC・AbbreviationD.invention

6）Aisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbe

added・

A.stemB.rootC・allomorphD.Lexeme

7）isaprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaning

isfullyborrowed・

A.loanshiftB.LoantranslationC・loanwordD.loanblend

8）isagrammaticalcategoryusedfortheanalysisofwordclassesdisplayingsuch

contrastsasmasculine/feminine/neuter,animate/inanimate,etc.

9）therelationbetweenwords“rose”and“floweristhatof.

A.synonymyB.antonymyC.homonymyD.hyponymy

Chapter4

1要占

*•-八八

a.theimportantconceptsinthischapter:

syntax,endocentricandexocentricconstruction,thedeepstructureandsurfacestructure,immediateconstituentanalysis,concord,government,category,

Chapter5

1.要点

a.thedefinitionofsemantics,

b.theoryofsemantictriangle，

c.differentkindsofmeaning,

cl.senserelations

e.componentialanalysis

f.senteneemeaning

2.实践

1）Thesenserelationshipbetween"Johnplaysviolin"and“Johnplaysamusicalinstrument^is

A.hyponymyB・antonymyC・entailment

2）"Semanticsisthescientificstudyofmeaning^isa・

A.synonymyB.polysemyC・antonymyD.tautology.

3）Conceptualmeaningis・

A.denotativeB・connotativeC.associativeD.affective

4）Whentheword“rooLmeans"partofplatthatkeepsitfirmlyinthesoilandabsorbswaterand

foodfromthesoif\themeaningismeaning.

A.connotativeB.conceptualC・reflected

5）"Wide/narrow"isanexampleof・

A.gradableoppositeB・relationaloppositesC.conversenesssD・complementarity

Chapter6

1.要点

a.speechacttheory

b.principleofconversation

c.CooperativePrinciple

d.characteristicsofimplicature

e.context

2.实践

1）Anillocutionaryactisidenticalwith

A.sentencemeaningB.thespeaker'smeaning

C.languageunderstandingD.thespeaker'scompetence

2）TheIndirectSpeechActwasdevelopedby.

A・JohnAustinB.LevinsonC.JohnLyonsD・JohnSearle

3）isabranchoflinguisticswhichisthestudyofmeaninginthecontextuse.

A.MorphologyB・SyntaxC・PragmaticsD.Semantics

4.Tautologieslikeboysareboysareextremeexamplesinwhichmaximofisviolated.

A.qualityB.quantityC・relevaneeD・manne「

Chapter7

1.要点

a.morphologicalchangeandsyntacticchange

b・vocabularychange

c.additionofnewwords

d.changesinthemeaningofwords

2.实践

1）

Chapter8

1.要点

a.speechcommunityandspeechvariety

bvarietiesoflanguage：

regionaldialect,sociolect,idiolectethnicdialect,register,standarddialect,pidginandcreole,

c.bilingualismanddiglossia

2.实践

1）Inthepresentday,thestabilityof_seemstobedecreasing.

A.social-classdialectB.idiolectC・tabooD・regionaldialect

Chapter9

I.要点

a.therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture

b.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis

1・WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNottrue?

A.Languageisasystem.

B.Languageissymbolic・

C・Animalsalsohavelanguage.

D.Languageisarbitrary・

2・Whatisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?

A.Interpersonal.B.Phatic

B.InformativeD.Meatlingual.

3・Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisproposedby

A.SaussureB.Halliday

C.ChomskyD.ThePragueSchool

4.WhichofthefollowingphoneticdescriptionmatchestheEnglishconsonant{p}

A.avoicelessbilabialstop

B・avoicedbilabialstop

C.avoicelessdentalstop

D.avoicelessdentalfricative

5.WhichofthefollowingisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglish?

A.voicingB.nasalC・approximationD.aspiration

6.Iftwosimilarsoundsegmentsneveroccurinthesamephoneticenvironment,thentheyare

A.twoseparatephonemes

B.twoallophonesofphonemes

C・twofreevariationofaphoneme

D.aminimalpair

7.Whereistheprimarystressofthewordphonology?

A.phoB.no.C.ioD.gy

8.IfthereisanEnglishadjective“pornitial二isthemostpossiblefornegativeform・

A.ip・B.im-C.ilD.in-

9.Anlanguageisalanguageinwhichconceptsthatweexpressusingproposition,

possessiveadjectives,andsoonareexpressedasmorphsconcatenantedinthesamewordsastherelevantbase・

A.infleetingB.agglutinationC・isolatingD.analytical

10.Whichofthefollowingwordsiscreatedthroughtheprocessofacronym^

A.adB.editC.AIDSD.Bobo

II.Theword"lab"isformedthrough

A.backformationB・blendingC.clippingD.derivation

12.IfwearetousethetechniqueofICAnalysistoanalyzethesentenceShebrokethewindow

withastoneyesterday,whereisthefirstcut?

A.betweenstoneandyesterday

B・betweensheandbroke

C.betweenbrokeandthewindow

D.betweenwindowandwith

13.WhichofthefollowingitemsisnotoneofthegrammaticalcategoriesofEnglishpronouns?

A.gender.B.numberC・caseD.voice

14.Chomskyholdsthatthemajortaskoflinguisticsisto

A.studyreal"facts，，indailysettings

B.tellpeoplehowtospeakappropriately

C.lookfor'theuniversalgrammar?

D.tellpeoplewhatisrightinlanguageuse

15.Awordwithseveralmeaningsiscalledword.

A.apolysemousB.asynonymous

C.anabnormalD・amutilple

16.AmongLeech'sseventypesofmeaningisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitrefersto

A.conceptualB.affectiveC・reflectedD.thematic

17.isaphrasewhichcanonlybeunderstoodasaunit,notasasummationofthemeaningof

eachconstituentword・

A.CollocationB.IdiomC.SemanticcomponentD・Synonym

18.TherearedeixisinthesentenceShehassoldithereyesterday.

A.3B.4C.5D.6

19.maybeusedasanexampleofindirectspeechact.

A・“Couldyouopenthewindow?

”

B.“IherebydeclareM匚Williamelected.^

C."Goodmorning!

M

D・"Icommandyoutoreportat6inthemorningtomorrow.^

20.Themaximofrequiresthataparticipant'scontributionberelevanttotheconversation.

A.QuantityB・qualityC.mannersDrelation

21・Ascientificstudyoflanguagestudiesisconductedwithreferencestosomeoflanguage

structure・

A.dataB.generaltheoryC.factsD・hypotheses

22.studiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime,it