The Art of Leadingin in Englishteaching in Middle School.docx

The Art of Leadingin in Englishteaching in Middle School.docx

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TheArtofLeadingininEnglishteachinginMiddleSchool

TheArtofleading-ininEnglish-teaching

inMiddleschool

Investigator：

LiJing

SubmittedonJune7th，2012

Infulfillmentofthecourse“PracticalProjectDesign”

Acknowledgements

Firstofall,Iowemyearnestgratitudetomytutor,MissJingforherinsightfullectures,unstintingcriticismsandvaluableguidance.AndIshouldexpressmythankstoherforbeingcriticalanddemandingandyetcaringandsupportive,whichthereforehelpsbroadenandenrichmyknowledgeinthecourseofacademicpaperwriting.

Secondly,specialthankswillalsogototheotherteachersattheDepartmentofEnglishwhotaughtmeduringmytwoyearsofcollegelife.

Lastbutnottheleast;Iamindebtedtoallmyfriendsandclassmateswhoconstantlyoffertheirconcern,expectationandsuggestiontome.

Abstract

Althoughtheleading-inisalwaysbefinishedwithinseveralminutes,itisthemostbasiclinkandplaysanimportantrolebetweentheoldandnewknowledge.Aproperandinterestingleading-incaneffectivelyattractthereaders’eyeball,arousetheirimaginationandinterest.Leading-inofanewlessonaimstostimulatethestudents’interestbecauseinterestisthebestteacher.ModernAmericaneducatorsBrunnersaid“Interestisthebeststimulationoflearning".Theinterestoflearningwilldirectlyaffectthelearningeffectofthestudents.Asuccessfulleading-inwillstimulatestudent'sstudyenthusiasm,makethemproducethedesiretolearnnewknowledgeandlaterinthenewknowledgelearning,thestudentswilllearnpositivelyandconsciously.

TheArtofLeading-ininEnglish-teaching

inMiddleSchool

1.Introduction

WithrapiddevelopmentindifferentfieldsinChina,especiallytheextensionofitsfurtheropeningtotheoutsideworld,Englishlanguageteachingandlearninghasaccordinglywitnessedafastdevelopmentinrecentyears.Tomeetthisdemand,moreandmorepeopleareawareoftheefficiencyofEnglishteachingandlearning.

AccordingtoNewNationalEnglishCurriculum,thefirstpointistostimulateandcultivatestudents’interestinlearningEnglish,toestablishstudents’confidence,toformeffectivelearningstrategies.InterestisimportantinlearningEnglish.Englishteachersshouldobeythecharacteristicsofteachingmaterials,adoptallkindsofteachingmeanstomotivatestudents’curiosity,imaginationandarousestudents’interestinEnglishduringtheteachingprocess.Buthowcanweachievethese?

Toimprovestudents’interest,forEnglishteachers,theartofleading-inofEnglish-teachinginmiddleschoolisthekeypoint.Thenwhatrequirementsshouldteachersobeywhenleading-in?

Howtoleadin?

Itisnecessarytomakeabriefintroductionofleading-in.

2.ProblemAnalysis

Asisknowntoall,wordslike“front”,“beginning”,and“firsttime”canattractapersonmost.It'sbecauseof“theprimacyeffect（MoLei,2007:

81）”,andthefunctionof“thefirstimpression”.Astheproverbsays:

“Agoodbeginningishalfdone”.Itremindsusappropriatelythatleading-inisakeylinkinasuccessfullesson.Itwilldirectlyinfluencethecompletionofthewholeteachingstepoflessonandcontentofthecourse,evendeterminesuccessorfailure.

Soitisnecessarytomakethedefinitionoftheleading-inclear.

3.PossibleSolutions

Westernscholarshavestudiedtheartofleading-in,inthemeantimelocalscholarsandtheeducatorsinChinawerealsoveryinterestedinthistopic,alsowrotearticlesonleading-infromseveralaspects.

Inthe1970'sC.Turney（1975）putforwardfunctionofleading-inmotivationinSydneyMicroSkills:

Gainingattention,settingupateachingtarget,arousingstructuringandmakinglinks.Theythinkthatwhenbeginningcontentofcourse,itisveryimportanttoattractstudents'attention,setupastudytarget,makethestudentsgetintogoodmentalstateandconcentrateonstudymeaningfully;TheknowledgeofEnglishlanguageissimilartootherknowledge,havingitsinsidelogicwiththecontactbetweennewandoldknowledge（WangSongmei,2003:

13-14）.Inthe1980'sRogerGowerandSteveWalters（1983）studiedvariousmethodsthatshouldbeadoptedintheteachingtechniquewhenstartingthelesson.

HuShuzhen（1996）saidthatleading-inwasalsocalled“startingtoteaching”,whichcanbethebeginningofalesson,andsometimeswasthroughouttheclassroomteaching.Shegaveadescriptionoffunction,typeandbasicrequestofleading-in.YanChengli（1999）Studiedoptimizedleading-inintheclassroomteachingandputforwardsomeprinciplesthattheleading-inlanguagedesignshouldfollow.Healsointroducedsomeleading-inmethodsaboutoptimumclassroomteaching.LiRumi（2000）firstconsideredtheleading-inlinkoftheclassroomteachingastheartofleading-in.Hethoughtwhattostressintheartofleading-inwaslike"thefirsthammer’sknockinginthestudents'mind",orlikemagnetdrawingattentionfromthestudents.Healsothoughtleading-inofdifferentcharacteristicswouldproducedifferentteachingfunction.

4.ProjectObjectives

Leading-iniscalledpresentation.“Lead”meansawaythatateachertakesthecontentofcourseasatarget,usestheskillfulwaytogatherstudents'attention,stirsupthestudents’desiretothenewknowledge,andguidesthestudentsintopreparingforstudyingsomethingnew.“Gointo”meanstoguidethestudentstothestudyofthetopiccomingupandletthestudentscatchthreadsofthecontentofcoursethatwillsoonbecarriedonbyleading-in,formtheinternalinducementthatthestudentsstudy,helpthemtomakethelearninggoalclear,andprogressivelygetintocommunicationamusedly.

Combiningdefinitionsofleading-ininthedictionariesandEnglishteachingpractice,theauthorthinksthattheartofleading-inistheteachers'applyingabilitiesandskillscombinedcreativenessanduniquestyleofimpartingsomethingnewinEnglish-teachingwithin3-5minutesatthebeginningofanewlesson.

5.Projecthypothesis

Anumberoftheoriesandhypothesisprovideatheoreticalsupportforfurtherresearchonleading-ininEnglish-teachinginChina,suchasKrashen'sAffectiveFilterHypothesis,Krashen'sInputHypothesis.Affectiscommonlydefinedastheareacoveringfeelings,emotions,moodandtemperament.AccordingtoKrashen'sAffectiveFilterHypothesis,variousaffectivefactors,includingmotivation,self-confidenceandanxiety,playafacilitative,butnon-causal,roleinSecondLanguageAcquisition（Krashen,1981）.Lackofmotivation,lowself-esteem,debilitatinganxietyandsooncancombineto"raisethefilter",toforma"mentalblock",whichpreventsComprehensibleInput（CI）fromreachingtheLanguageAcquisitionDevice（LAD）.Thefiltercontrolshowmuchinputthelearnercomesintocontactwith,andhowmuchinputisconvertedintointake.Learnerswithhighmotivation,self-confidenceandwithlowanxietyhavelowfiltersandsoobtainplentyofinput.Learnerswithlowmotivation,littleself-confidence,andhighanxietyhavehighfiltersandsoreceivelittleinputandallowevenlessin.

6.ProjectRationale

Thefocusofthefunctionoftheaffectivefactorisonthediscardofstudents'psychologicalbarriersincludinganxiety,beingtooshytospeakandsoon.Onlywhenthestudentshavegotridofthesekindsof.psychologicalbarrierandtheiraffectivefilterloweredaccordingly,cantheyfeelsecureintheirlearningofaforeignlanguage.

Theartofleading-incanarousethestudents'interestoflearningEnglish.Itcanreducethestudents'anxietyandimprovetheefficiencyoflearning.Sotheteachercandesignvariousleading-intocreateaharmoniousclassroomenvironmentforthestudents.

TheInputHypothesisiscentraltoKrashen’sSLAtheories.First,itattemptstoexplainhowwedoacquirelanguage.Krashengivesus“Humansacquirelanguageinonlyoneway----byunderstandingmessagesorbyreceiving‘comprehensibleinput’（Krashen,1985）”.Healsoputforwardthatlearnerscanunderstandlanguagepointswiththehelpofcontextincludingextra-linguisticinformation,knowledgeoftheworld,previouslyacquiredlinguisticcompetenceandsoon.

Accordingtotheinputhypothesis,theleading-inmethodchosenshouldbesuitableandlowerslightlythanthestudents'existinglearninglevel.Atthesametime,theleading-inshouldbeinterestingwhichareeasytomakethestudentsconcentrateonthemeaningofthefollowingcontents,insteadofsimplyontheforms.Teacherscanusetheleading-intocreateaninterestinglearningenvironmentwhichoffersopportunitiesforthestudentsexposingtothecontentthatwillmakethemlearnthelanguagemoreefficiently.

7.ProjectDesign

Withthedevelopmentofthenew-roundcurriculumreform,the”task-basedteaching”hasbecomeatrend.Ofcourse,theleading-inofEnglish-teachingbasedonthetheoryof"thetask-basedteaching”shouldalsobeintegratedintoEnglishteaching.Asweallknow,thetask-basedteachingisdividedintothreeparts:

pre-task,while-tasksandpost-task.Andtheleading-inpartjustbelongstothepre-task.Intheprocessoftask-basedclassroomteaching,aleading-inshouldbefinishedwithinabout5minutesinordertomakeagoodpreparationforthemaintasksofEnglish-teaching.

Therefore,theleading-inofEnglish-teachingshouldservicethetaskswhichthestudentswilldealwith,namelyarousesthestudents'interestofstudy,enlightensthestudents’intelligenceandthenhelpthestudentsfinishtheirlearningtaskssmoothly.

8.ProjectImplementation

Leadinginanewlessonskillfullycandrawstudents’attentionfirmly,letstudentsdiverttheirexcitedpointintothelessonandfollowtheteachingcontenttightly.Ifteachingis