Sense Relations 英语词汇学--词义的联系.docx

Sense Relations 英语词汇学--词义的联系.docx

《Sense Relations 英语词汇学--词义的联系.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Sense Relations 英语词汇学--词义的联系.docx（6页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

SenseRelations

Abstract:

 Asthecarriersofculture,thelanguageisatoolthatthemankindexchangedthethoughteachother.Generally, theperson'sthinkingtorelyonlanguageandusinglanguagetoexpress. Therefore, EnglishvocabularysystemasystemoftheEnglishlanguagesystem, thesenseofaword in thewholevocabularysystemis connectedwitheachother.Orevenwecansay, the meaningofwordsinvocabularysystemisthroughthemutualconnectiontotheapparent. Therelationshipbetweenthesenses is multifarious. Therearemajortypesofsenserelations:

synonymy, antonymy, hyponym. Aswellaswecalledsemanticfield.

Keywords:

 semanticfield, synonymy,antonymy,hyponym.

1Introduction

2 SemanticField  

Thedefinitionofsemanticfieldisatermtorefertothephenomenonthatvocabularyisanintegratedsysteminterrelatedinsenseandcanbedividedintosemanticallyrelatedsetsorfields.Wordsineach semanticfielddefine oneanother.

Whenatext（anythingwithwords,whetheritbespokenorwritten）hasatopicorsubjectthatagroupofwordsrelateto.If anarticle ofwritingincludedthewords,suchas"heart","flower","love","music","passion"thesemanticfieldwouldmostlikelybeconsidered'love”.Asemanticfieldoflove andalso theword maybe regarded as"flowery"oreven “feminine”. An‘animal’fieldwhichcontainsallkindsofwordsthatdenoteanimals,ora‘cooking’ fieldwhichincludesvariouswordsrelatedtocooking,andsoon.

Letuslookatsomemore examples of semanticfields:

a.Vehicle:

car,lorry,truck,coach,motorbike,taxi.

b. Building:

 factory,hospital,house, church,apartment.

c. Run:

 race,dash,scamper,scurry,scuttle,scramble,dart.

       d. Vegetable:

 cauliflower, eggplant,pepper,onion,tomato.

2.1Functionof Semantic Field

Weknowthatthemeaning ofsemanticfield doesnotexistintheworditself,butit ratherspreadsovertheneighboringwords, dueto theneighboringwordsidentifythesemanticfieldandhelppindownthemeaning.For example,roseoperatesincontrastwithtulipanddahliainonesemanticfield,soitisaflower.Incontrastwithredandpurpleinanother,itbecomesakindofcolor.Takethewordcaptain.'Heisacaptain'doesnotmeanverymuchuntilweknowthesemanticfieldinwhichcaptainoperates.Weknowwhatcaptainmeansinthemerchantservice,inthenavyorinthearmyonlywhenweknowwhetherhissubordinateiscalledmate,commanderorlieutenant.Compare thefollowingwords:

　　 orange 

　　 orange:

red,blue,yellow（color） 

　　 orange:

pear,apple,peach（fruit） 

　　 orange:

coke, Pepsi, coca-cola （drink）

Meanwhile,thefeaturesofthefield semantic arecontiguityandunderstandinghierarchy. Theclassificationofitincludes synonymy,antonymy,hyponym.

3 Synonyms

Synonyms are differentwordswithidenticalorverysimilarmeanings.Wordsthataresynonymsaresaidtobesynonymous,andthestateofbeingasynonymiscalledsynonymy.

Therearetwokindsofsynonyms:

perfectsynonymsandpartialsynonyms.

3.1 Perfect Synonyms

Perfectsynonyms:

 arefullyidenticalandcanbeinterchangeableinanycontextwithouttheslightestalterationinassociativemeaning.Rare,butexist;usuallyscientificterms.

Thiskindofsynonymsarerareandmaybefoundinspecialterminologysuchas compoundingandcomposition,word-buildingandword-formation,voicelessconsonantandbreathedconsonant,fricativeandspirant,malnutritionandundernourishment,etc.

Onlysomeofthewordsinacertaincontextcanreplaceuseanddoesnotaffectthemeaningofthesentence.Inthephrasesof‘tobestone’sopponent’and‘toworstone’sopponent’, theantonymsof‘best’and‘worst’alsocanreplacetouse.

3.2 Partial Synonyms

Partial synonymssharethenearlysameorsimilarbasicmeaning,butstilldenotedifferencesinothermeanings,likeconceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning,andusages.E.g.change（tochangeathingistoputanotherthinginitsplace）–alter（toalterathingistomakeitdifferentfromwhichitwasbefore）–vary（tovaryathingistoalteritindifferentmannerandatdifferenttimes）.Amanchangeshishabits,altershisconduct,andvarieshismannerofspeaking. Andtheother synonyms,like silent/tacit; shine/glitter/sparkle/glare; different/various; idle/lazy/indolent;strange/odd/queer; large/huge/tremendous/colossal;beautiful/pretty/handsome/faire/lovely;big/large/great andsoon.

Synonymousidioms:

 Synonymousrelationshipbetweenwordsexistinconstantly,alsomayexistbetweentheidioms.

3.3 Sourceof Synonyms

SourceofsynonymsA.historicalreason:

a）Anglo-Saxon（native）; b）French,Latin,Greek（foreignelements）borrowed

Patterns:

doublets:

nativewordsborrowedhomelydomestichousemansiontriplets:

Anglo-SaxonFrenchLatinrisemountascend.

B. geographicalreasonAmerican/BritishEnglishdialect:

girllass.

C. Lin