自动化输配电系统中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

自动化输配电系统中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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自动化输配电系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料翻译

AMaintenanceOptimizationProgramforUtilities’TransmissionandDistributionSystems

ABSTRACT:

Today,preservingandenhancingsystemreliabilityandreducingoperationsandmaintenancecostsaretopprioritiesforelectricutilities.Assystemequipmentcontinuetoageandgraduallydeteriorate,theprobabilityofserviceinterruptionduetocomponentfailureincreases.Aneffectivemaintenancestrategyisessentialindeliveringsafeandreliableelectricpowertocustomerseconomically.Theobjectiveofthispaperistoprovideaframeworkforapredictive,condition-based,andcosteffectivemaintenanceoptimizationprogramfortransmissionanddistributionsystems.

1INTRODUCTION

Inprinciple,improvingsystemreliabilityandreducingOperationsandMaintenancecostsaretopprioritiesofelectricutilities.Inanincreasinglycompetitivepowerdeliveryenvironment,electricutilitiesareforcedtoapplymoreproactivemethodsofutilityassetmanagement.OneofthemaincomponentsofelectricpowerdeliveryassetmanagementisthecapitalbudgetingandOperationsandMaintenanceofexistingfacilities.Sinceinmanycasesthecostofconstructionandequipmentpurchasesarefixed,OperationsandMaintenanceexpendituresistheprimarycandidateforcostcuttingandpotentialsavings.Assystemequipmentcontinuetoageandgraduallydeteriorate,theprobabilityofserviceinterruptionduetocomponentfailureincreases.

Electricutilitiesareconfrontedwithmanychallengesinthisneweraofcompetition:

risingOperationsandMaintenancecosts,growingdemandonsystems,maintaininghighlevelsofreliabilityandpowerquality,andmanagingequipmentaging.

Therefore,thehealthofequipmentisofutmostimportancetotheindustrybecauserevenuesareaffectedbytheconditionofequipment.Whendemandishighandequipmentisinworkingorder,substantialrevenuescanberealized.Onthecontrary,unhealthyequipmentcanresultinserviceinterruption,customerdissatisfaction,lossofgoodwill,andeventuallossofcustomers.Aneffectivemaintenancestrategyisessentialtodeliveringsafeandreliableelectricpowertocustomerseconomically.

2RELIABILITYCENTEREDMAINTENANCE（RCM）

Duringthelate1960’s,theaircraftindustrywasonthevergeofmanufacturingthefirst“jumbojets”.Thenew747’swerethreetimesthesizeofanyotherpassengerjetscurrentlyintheair.Therecognizedsizeofthe747,itsnewengines,anditsmanytechnologyadvancesinstructures,avionics,andthelike,allledtoFederalAviationAdministration（FAA）toinitiallytakethepositionthatpreventivemaintenanceonthe747wouldbeveryextensive–soextensive,infact,thattheairlinescouldnotlikelyoperatethisairplaneinaprofitablefashion.ThisproblemledtheaircraftindustrytocompletelyreevaluateitsPMprogram.Whatresultedfromthiseffortwasawholenewapproachthatemployedadecision-treeprocessforrankingPMtasksthatwerenecessarytopreservecriticalaircraftfunctionsduringflight[3].ThisnewtechniquewaseventuallyapprovedbytheFAAandsoonthereafterevolvedintowhatisknownasReliabilityCenteredMaintenance（RCM）.RCMusedbytheairlineindustryledtomajorreductioninlabor,materialcostandinventorycost.Furtheritappliedtonuclearpowerindustryinthe1980’s.Today,RCMisthemaintenancetechniqueofchoiceformanyindustriesincludingpowerindustries.

UnliketheairlineindustrywhichhadtheadvantageofbeingabletoworkwithmanufacturerstocreateanRCMprogramforanewgenerationofequipment,theutilityindustry,especiallytheelectricpowergenerationindustry,hashadtoadoptRCMasamodificationoflong-establishedmaintenancepracticesatexistingplants[4].DespitethecostsassociatedwiththeimplementationoftheseRCMprogramsin“midstream”,theyhavebeenfoundtopayforthemselvesinveryshortorder.

RCM,ashasbeenmainlyappliedtonuclearpowerplants,oftenrequiresthelargestamountofmaintenancebecauseofsafetyandenvironmentalconsiderations.However,withthesesuccessfulprogramsnowoperating,fossilpowerplantsandpowertransmissionanddistributionsystemshaverecentlybeengettingintothemix.Becausethesefacilitiesfacealessrestrictiveregulatoryenvironment,theyshouldbeabletodirectlyapplythestreamlinesformsofRCMmuchmoreeasily,thusreducingtheimplementationcosts.

ThefirststepinrevampingamaintenanceprogramistoimplementanRCMapproachwhichwillhelpestablishprioritiesforanewprogram.Specifically,RCMisasetofmethodsandtoolsaimedathelpingautilitytodeterminetheminimumsetofpreventivemaintenancetasksnecessarytoappropriatelyaddresscriticalequipmentfailureswithoutcompromisingservicereliability.RCMisastructuredprocessusedtodetermineoptimalmaintenancerequirementsforequipmentinaparticularoperatingenvironment.Itcombinesthestrategiesofcorrectivemaintenance,preventivemaintenanceandpredictivemaintenance,andappliesthesestrategieswhereeachisappropriate,basedontheconsequenceandfrequencyoffunctionalfailures.Thiscombinationproducesamaintenanceprogramwhichoptimizesbothreliabilityandcosteffectiveness.Formajorpiecesofequipment,suchaspowertransformers,RCMmayindicatethatpredictivemaintenanceisanattractiveoption,giventhedecreasingcostofsensoranddiagnostictechnologyandtheincreasingcostofrunningtheequipmenttofailure.

RCMisacondition-basedmaintenanceprogramthatfocusesonpreventingfailuresthatarelikelytobethemostserious.RCMandPredictiveMaintenance（PDM）analysescomplementeachother,andwhentheyareperformedconcurrently,offeranexcellentapproachtomaintenanceoptimization.Inthelastfewyears,thesophisticationofmonitoringequipmentonthemarketandthefallingpriceofelectronicsandcomputershavemadetheon-sitemonitoringapplicationsacosteffectivereality.

TheverybasicconceptsandunderlyingprinciplesoftheRCMcanbeexplainedveryeasily.Itsmainmethodologycanbereducedtothefollowingfourpoints:

1）preservesystemfunctions

2）identifydominantfailuremodes

3）prioritizefunctionneedssothatbudgetcanbefocusedonpreservingmostcriticalfunctions

4）selectonlyapplicableandeffectivemaintenancetasks

SomeofthebenefitsofRCMare:

1）Reducesmajorcorrectiveactions

2）Eliminatesunnecessaryoverhaulsandroutinetasksthatprovidelittlebenefits

3）Optimizesthefrequencyofrequiredoverhauls

4）Increasesuseofpredictivetechnologythathelpwithresourceplanning

5）Decreasesuseofintrusivetasksthatcaninduceequipmentfailures

6）Improvescost-effectivenessofroutinetasks

7）Createsdocumentedtechnicalbasesformaintenanceprograms

8）Allowseasyimplementationbyincorporatingexistingmaintenancepracticesthathaveproventobecost-effective

9）ProcessesKnowledge,communications,andteamwork

Inexpensivesolidstatesensorsarebeingdeveloped,forexample,thatcanbeinsertedintransformeroiltodetectthepresenceofgasesproducedwheninsulationbeginstodeteriorate.Oncetheinformationfrompredictivemaintenancetechnologybecomesavailable,itneedstobeintegratedwithon-linedatafromacrossapowernetworkandfromhistoricalrecords.

3NEWTECHNOLOGIES

Therearemanytechnologiesavailabletoday,andseveralnewmethodsarebeinginvestigatedtodeterminetheequipmentcondition[5].Thefollowingarejustafewapplicationsformonitoringpowerdeliveryequipment:

UltrasonicNoiseAnalysis

Thepresenceoftonesintheultrasonicrangecanbeanindicationofleaksofair,gas,steam,andvacuum.Ultrasonicnoisecanbeemittedasaresultoffrictionbetweenmovingparts.

PartialDischargeDetection

Thistechnologyemploysanelectricalsensortodetecttheinitialinsulationbreakdowninelectricalequipmentsuchasinsulatorsandterminators.Partialdischargedetectionisusedtodetectincipientfailuresbeforesignificantdamageoccurs.

TransformerGas-in-OilAnalysis

Thisisneededtokeepthetransformeron-lineasmuchaspossible.Oneindicatorofabnormalitiesisthedissolvedgascontentinthetransformeroil.Certaingaslevelscanindicateaging,theneedformaintenance,orpotentialfailure.

InfraredThermography

Thermographysurveysinvolvingtheuseofaninfraredcameratodetecthotspotsinlargemotorsusedinpowerplants.

SoundIntensityMeasurement

SoundIntensityMeterisneededtoidentifypotentialproblemsinequipmentandrecordthehistoricalchangesinsoundandoutputofequipment

Fortransmissionanddistributionsystems,sensorssuchastransformerfaultgasanalyzermightprovetobebeneficial.Thisdeviceprovidesreal-timemeasurementofthefourkeygasesassociatedwithfaultcurrentsintransformer:

carbonmonoxide,hydrogen,acetylene,andethylene.Thenextstepistoincorporateanadditionalsensortodetectthepresenceofmoisturewhichcanreducedielectricstrengthandleadtofailure.Thiswillbeusedwithanotherdevicethatmeasuresthetransformerloadingsothattheevolutionofkeygasesandmoisturecanbecharacterizedasafunctionoftheload.Withthemoisturesensorandloadcurrentmonitorwecandevelopaccuratecriteriaforloadingtransformersunderstressfulconditionsratherthanhavingtorelyontheoverlyconservativeratingsnowprovided.

4PROPOSEDINTEGRATEDAPPROACH

Anintegratedapproachfortransmissionanddistributionsystemswouldensurethatequipmentorsubsystemsleadingtoserveaparticularloadwouldreceiveuniformandconsistentlevelofmaintenanceinalldepartments,thusenhancingandoptimizingthemaintenanceprocess.

Inordertoestablishamaintenanceprogr