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外文标题：

Lostintranslation?

Culture,languageandtheroleofthetranslatorininternationalbusiness

外文作者：

JohnBlenkinsoppandMaryamShademanPajouh

文献出处:

《CriticalPerspectivesonInternationalBusiness》,2018,6

（1）:

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Lostintranslation?

Culture,languageandtheroleofthetranslator

ininternationalbusiness

JohnBlenkinsoppandMaryamShademanPajouh

TeessideUniversityBusinessSchool,UK

Abstract

PurposeIssuesoflanguageininternationalbusinesshavebeenthefocusofagrowingbodyoftheoreticalandempiricalwork,andthispapercontributestothisliterature,focusingspecificallyonissuesoftranslation.Theroleoftranslatorwillvarydependingonthelanguagestrategyadopted,withstrategieslinkedtodifferingperspectivesonlanguageininternationalbusiness–mechanical,culturalandpolitical.Weexaminetheseperspectivesthroughthelensofaspecificproblemfortransnationalcommunication–„untranslatable‟wordsandconcepts.

Design/methodology/approachInterviewswereconductedwith

professionallinguists（translatorsandinterpreters）toexplorehowtheydealtwithissuesofuntranslatablebutculturalsalientwordsintheirday-to-dayworkwithinternationalbusinesses,usingtheproblemsoftranslatingtheFarsiwordtaroufintoEnglishasacaseinpoint.

FindingsThelinguistsagreedthattaroufwasanuntranslatableword,and

describedtheirstrategiestodealwiththisproblem.Thecommonest

strategywasavoidance,stemmingfromlinguists‟concerntomaintaintheirprofessionalstandingwithclients,afindingwhichreflectsanemergingemphasisontheimportanceofcontextandrelationshipsfor

understandinginter-culturalcommunication.

PracticalimplicationsThestudyhighlightsthecrucialroleofthetranslatorininternationalbusiness,anddrawsattentiontothepotentialforcross-culturalcommunicationproblemsarisingfrommutuallackofawarenessofculturally-salientbutinherentlyuntranslatablewordsorphrases.

SocialimplicationsEffectiveinter-culturalcommunicationisanissueof

greatimportancetowidersociety,andbusinesshashistoricallybeenthecommonestsiteofsuchcommunication.Ourstudyhighlightsanissueofconsiderableimportanceforimprovinginter-culturalcommunications,contributingtoagrowinginter-disciplinaryliteratureinthisarea.

Originality/valueMuchoftheresearchonlanguageininternational

businesshasfocusedontheemergenceofEnglishasalinguafranca,butthepresentstudyfocusesonspecificissuesoftranslationanddoessoinanunder-researchedlocation,Iran.Itdrawsattentiontoaproblemoftranslationnotwidelydiscussed,andshowshowimportantthisissuecanbeforinternationalbusiness.

Keywords:

internationalbusiness;interpreters;language;tarouf;translators;cross-culturalcommunication

Introduction

Themultinationalcorporation（MNC）is,bydefinition,amultilingualorganisation（Fredrikssonetal,2006）andmultilingualsituationsoccur

withincreasingregularityatvariouslevelsoftheorganisation（Charlesand

Marschan-Piekkari,2002）.ThoughissuesofcommunicationwithinMNCshavebeenaconcernwithinthefieldofinternationalbusinessforanextendedperiod,thespecificissueoflanguagewasneglecteduntilrelativelyrecently（Janssensetal,2004;Welchetal,2005）.Apossibleexplanationisthatinternationalbusinesspracticehasalsobeensomewhatblindtothisissue–thoughthepracticalitiesoflanguagebarrierswerewidelyrecognised,thefullimplicationsof„talkingadifferentlanguage‟werenot.WelchandWelchsuggestlanguageis„amentalmodel,framingactivityandbehaviour‟（2008:

341）,andtheseframingeffectscanbevisibleevenatthelevelofasingleword.

AnexampleisofferedbyWierzbicka‟s（2001）examinationofthePolishwordprzykro.Usuallytranslatedashurt,offended,sorryorsad,Wierzbickasuggestssomethingislostintranslation,describingprzykoasa„culturallysalienPolishemotion.„ThatisnottosaythatspeakersofEnglishneverexperiencetheemotionassociatedinPolishwiththewordprzykro;onlythattheydonotthinkhabituallyabouttheirexperiencesintheseterms‟（Wierzbicka,2001:

22）.TheChinesewordguanxioffersanotherobviousexampleofawordwhichisbothculturallysalientandyetinherently„untranslatable‟.Gaunxihasbecomewidelyknown–discussedandresearchedtoapointwherethereisadegreeofawarenessoftheconceptanditsimportanceininternationalbusiness.

Linguisticimperialism

Muchoftheliteratureontheroleoflanguageininternationalbusinesshasfocusedontwoparticularfeatures.ThefirstisthedecisionsmadebyMNCsregardinglanguageuse,particularlyaroundchoicesastowhethertoadoptacorporatelinguafranca（andifso,whichlanguagetoadopt）

andrelatedissuesoftranslationandinterpretation.Thesecondisthe

studyofthegrowthofEnglishasalinguafranca,throughlinguisticimperialism（Philipson,1992）.

Thoughacomplexnotion,linguisticimperialismisusefullycapturedastheprocessbywhichspeakersofone

languagecometofeelitnecessarytouseanotherlanguage,„tothepointwheretheybelievetheycanandshoulduseonlythatforeignlanguagewhenitcomestotransactionsdealingwiththemoreadvancedaspectsoflife‟（Ansre,1979,citedinSliwe,2008）.Ansreisclearlydescribingafinaloutcome,andtheprocessoflinguisticimperialismislikelytobehighlycontested.Thoughthepresentarticleisfocusedonissuesoftranslationininternationalbusiness,theriseofEnglishasalinguafrancathroughlinguisticimperialismformsanimportantbackdropourstudy,andwewillbrieflyexplorethisliterature.

Languagebarriersininternationalbusiness

Theseissuesoftranslationcanobviouslybeviewedasalanguagebarrierforinternationalbusiness,butHarzingandFeely（2008）arguethattheideaof„languagebarriers‟hasbeenratherunder-defined.Theyproposeamodelofcommunicationinwhichdifferentcomponentscontributetoaviciouscirclewhichcreatesthelanguagebarrier–failuretocommunicateeffectivelyleadstouncertainty,anxietyandmistrust,whichproducesmisattribution,conflictandcognitivedistortion,towhichthevariouspartiesrespondbyengagingingreaterformalityincommunication,whichislesseffective...andthecircleiscompleted.TheirmodelfocusesontheHQ-subsidiaryrelationshipinMNCs,buttheideathatcommunicationproblemsarisingfromlanguagedifferencesmightproduceaviciouscircleseemsrelevanttoarangeofsettingswithininternationalbusiness.

Jamesonarguesthatlanguage„definesculturalgroups,aswellasbeingthemostfrequentlyusedsymbolicsystemsthroughwhichcultureisconveyed‟（2007:

214）,andassuchitiscoretocross-culturalcommunicationinallsettings.Oneofthekeyissueswhichledustoexaminetheissueof„untranslatable‟wordsisthattheyarelikelytoleadtosituationsinwhichthefailuretocommunicateeffectivelyiseithernotrecognised,orisrecognisedbutbafflingtothepartiesinvolved.

TranslationStudies

Inthissectionwewanttoexaminesomeofthekeyideasinthefieldoftranslationstudieswhichmightshedlightonthepresentstudy,thoughitisusefultorecallNida‟spointthatmanytranslatorswillnotdrawupontheoryinanyconsciousfashion:

Insteadofspeakingoftheoriesoftranslation,weshouldperhapsspeakmoreaboutvariousapproachestothetaskoftranslating,differentorientationswhichprovidehelpfulinsight,anddiversewaysoftalkingabouthowamessagecanbetransferredfromone

languagetoanother.（Nida,1991:

21）.

Wecanseethatthetranslatorhasakeyroletoplayinthisprocess,butPym（2006）notesthatuntilrecentlythefieldoftranslationstudieshaspaidrelativelylittleattentiontotheirroleasmediators.Itshouldbenotedthatalthoughwehaveusedtranslatorasagenericterm,itismoreprecise

tousethistorefertothosewhotranslatethewrittenword.Translatorsofthespokenwordaremorecommonlyreferredtoasinterpreters,andPym

（2006）suggeststhattheimportanceofthemediatingroleismoreobvious

andimmediateforinterpreters.Consistentwiththis,ourfindingssuggestthattheissueofuntranslatablewordspresentsmoreofaproblemforinterpretersthantranslators.

AnoverviewofTarouf

Tarouf（„tar-off’）isaFarsiwordwhichdescribesacomplexculturalconstruct.ThreedifferentEnglish-Farsidictionariesofferthefollowingtranslations:

-salutation,compliment,comity,chivalry

-compliment,ceremony,offer,present

-compliment（s）,ceremony,offer,gift,flummery,courtesy,flattery,

formality,goodmanners,softtongue,honeyedphrases.

Manyofthesewordshaveonlylimitedrelationtoeachother,andthisisbecausetheycanbeseenasfacetsoftarouf,andthekindsofbehavioursassociatedwithit.Twoexamplesillustratetaroufmoreeffectivelythanthesedefinitions.ThefirstisanIranianjoke:

Manyyearsago,ayoungPersianwomanbecamepregnant.The

monthspassedandshekeptgettingbigger,finallyninemonthscamebutnobabycameout.Shekeptgettingbiggerandbigger…butstillnobaby!

Yearswentbyuntilshebecameanoldwomanwithahugebelly.Finallythedoctorshadamachinethatcouldlookintoherbellyandseewhatwasgoingoninthere.Theylookedinsideandsawtwomenwithbeardssayingtoeachother,‘afteryou’,‘no,afteryou’,‘noplease,afteryou’.

AsecondexamplewastoldtousbyanIranianabouthiscousin,bornin

theUKofIranianparents,whomadehisfirstvisittoIraninhisearl