英语论文写作引用的方法.docx
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英语论文写作引用的方法
Aboutquotationinthethesis
Whenwewriteanacademicpaper,wealmostalwaysneedtoborrowideas,statistics,andpreviousresearchfindingstostrengthenourownideas,toexplainourownarguments,andtosupportourownevidence.Suchpracticenotonlyfitsourresearchintothelargerpictureofaparticularfieldofresearch,butalsolendsabasisandpersuasivenesstoourarguments.
Generallyspeaking,therearethreelegalwaysofusingoutsidesourcesandinformation:
1.Directquotation
2.Paraphrasing
3.Summarizing
Eachofthesethreewaysisusedextensivelyinacademicresearch.Asamatteroffact,academicresearchrequiresthecombineduseofthesethreemethods.Ifaresearchpaperiswrittenwithoutusinganyoutsideideasorinformation,thatpapermightbeconsideredasdeficientinacademicvalue.
Ⅰ.DirectQuotation:
1.Definition
Adirectquotationisexactlythesameastheoriginalandmustbeputinquotationmarks.Everythingwithinthequotationmarks,thatistosay,notonlythewordsbutalsothespelling,capitalizationandinteriorpunctuation,shouldbeexactlythesameastheoriginal.
2.Whentousedirectquotations
(1)Whentheoriginalwordingexpressestheideasopreciselyandsuccinctlythatwecannotimproveonit;
(2)Whenthedirectquotationcomesfromanauthorityinaparticularfieldandthereforestrengthensourpointofview;
(3)Whenweneedtoborrowaspecialtermorexpressionthatisaparticularwriter’sinventionandcarriesspecialmeaning;
(4)Whenweneedtheoriginalwordingforthepurposeoffurtherdiscussion.
3.Howtousedirectquotation
(1)Whenwedoquote,weshouldmakeeveryefforttoworkthedirectquotationintoourownstatementsothatitmaybecomepartofanorganicwhole.
(2)Useacolonifourdirectquotationisintroducedbyacompletesentence:
Sample1
SinclairLewis,thefirstAmericanNobelPrizewinnerforliteraturein1930,believedthatDreiserbetterdeservedtheprize:
“Dreiser…morethananyotherman,marchingalone,usuallyunappreciated,oftenhated,hasclearedthetrailfromVictorianandHowellsiantimidityandgentilityintheAmericanfictiontohonesty,boldnessandpassionoflife.”
(3)Treatthedirectquotationaspartofthesentenceandpunctuateaccordinglyifitisnotintroducedbyacompletesentence:
Sample2
ToSinclairLewis,“Dreiser…morethananyotherman,marchingalone,usuallyunappreciated,oftenhated,hasclearedthetrailfromVictorianandHowellsiantimidityandgentilityintheAmericanfictiontohonesty,boldnessandpassionoflife.”
Exercise
Ihaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.
From“Ihaveadream…”,aspeechbyMartinLutherKing,Jr.
4.Weshouldobservethefollowingruleswhenusingdirectquotation:
(1).Keepthequotationasbriefaspossible;
(2).Beaccurate.Whatappearsbetweenquotationmarksshouldbeexactlythesameastheoriginal.Noword,punctuation,orevenspellingshouldbecharged;
(3).Alwaysindicatethesourceofthequotation;
(4).Whenthequotationislessthanthreelines,incorporateitintheflowoftheparagraphwithapairofquotationmarks.Whenthequotationislongerthanthreelines,useaseparateandindentedparagraph,withoutquotationmarks,toindicatethequotation;
Eg:
Theviewthatwritingistypicallyasocially-situatedacthasbeenreinforcedbytheaimsandexperiencesoftherecentWritingAcrosstheCurriculum(WAC)movement(YoungandFulwiler,1986).AprimaryresearchagendaforWAChasbeenfirmlylaidoutbyFaigleyandHansen:
IfteacherofEnglisharetooffercoursesthattrulypreparestudentstowriteinotherdisciplines,theywillhavetoexplorewhythosedisciplinesstudycertainsubjects,whycertainmethodsofenquiryaresanctioned,howtheconvertionsofadisciplineshapeatextinthatdiscipline,howindividualwritersrepresentthemselvesinthetext,howatextisreadanddisseminated,andhowonetextinfluencessubsequenttexts.(FaigleyandHansen,1985:
149)
(5).Whenonlypartsofalongsentenceorpassagearequoted,theomittedwordsmaybeindicatedthreedots.However,thepartsthatdoappearasaquotationstillhavetobeaccurate;
(6).Thevolumeofdirectquotationsinanypieceofacademicwritingshouldbekeptwithin10~20﹪ofthetotalpaperlength.Toomuchquotedmaterialmayspoiltheoriginalityorstyleoftheacademicpaper.
5.Thefollowingexpressionsareoftenusedtoindicatethesourceofadirectquotation.Itisoftenadvisabletoincludewhenandwherethepersonsaidso.
AsXsaid…AsXreported…
AsXstated…AsXwrote…
AsXmentioned…AsXmaintained…
AsXinsisted…AsXdeclared…
Xsaid…Xfurtherstated…
Xlaterinsisted…Xcontinued…
Xfirmlybelieved…
Ⅱ.Paraphrasing
I.Thedefinitionofparaphrasing
Paraphrasingmeanstorestatetheideaofasentenceorpassageinadifferentandusuallysimplerway.
Languageteachersoftenemployparaphrasingtoexplaindifficultsentencestocheckstudents’understanding,andtotrainthemtoexpresscomplicatedideasinmorereadilyunderstandableterms.Moreimportantly,academicwritersemployparaphrasingtoborrowideasandpreviousresearchfindingsinthefieldofstudy.Itisoneofthethreeimportantmethodsofincorporatingoutsidesources.
Comparedwithdirectquotation,paraphrasingismoreflexible.Thisflexibilityexistsinatleastthreedifferentways:
1.Flexibilityinelaboratingtheoriginalideaifnecessaryforbetterandclearerunderstanding;
example1:
原文:
Universityregistrationprocedures-onceanightmareoflists,lines,andpaperstrips-havebeenstreamlinedbyusingcomputers.
译文:
Computershavelessenedthepainsoftheprocessofuniversityregistration:
itinvolvesfewerlists,lesswaiting,andmoreefficiency.
2.Flexibilityinemphasisingdifferentaspectsoftheoriginalmaterialtosuitaparticularpurpose.
example2:
原文:
"Poetry-theheightofalanguage'sexpression-isperhapsthehardestaspectofthelanguageforthesecond-languagelearnertoconquer."
译文:
Themostdifficultpartofalanguageforanon-nativespeakerispoetry,themostprofoundandsubtleformofexpression.
3.Flexibilityinmodifyingthetoneandstyleoftheoriginalsourceforabetterfitintothecontextofthewriting.
Paraphrasingisprobablymoreoftenemployedinacademicpapers
thandirectquotation.Thissectiondiscussesthecorrectwaysofusingparaphrasing.
example3:
原文:
"Afamilyoflion,oftenconsistingofamale,twoorthreelionesses,theiroffspring,andperhapsayearlingortwo,iscalledapride."
译文:
Aprideisalionfamily,themembersofwhichareonemale,twoorthreefemales,theirbabies,andoneortwootheryounglionsaroundone-yearold.
II.Guidelinesforparaphrasing
Twosimplerulesgovernparaphrasing
1.Rule1
Alwaysgivecredittothesourceofideaormaterialbeingparaphrased.Failingtodosoisregardedasdishonesty.
Thefollowingexpressionsandstructuresmaybeusedtointroduceaparaphrase:
1)Inanarticle/astudybyX,...
2)AsXpointsout,...
3)Xstates...
4)AstudybyXindicatesthat...
5)Xhasdrawnattentiontothefactthat...
6)Xclaimsthat...
7)Xfound/discoveredthat...
8)ResearchbyXsuggeststhat...
9)Xarguesthat...
2.Rule2
Alwaysrestatetheideaindifferentvocabularyandsentencestructure.Amerechangeofafewwordswithoutchangingthestructuremayberegardedasplagiarismindisguise.
However,changingthevocabularydoesnotmeanthateverywordintheoriginalsentenceneedschanging.Ordinarywordsandspecialtechnicaltermsdonotrequireachange.Only“characterwords,”thatshowastrongpersonalpreferenceandthereforearelikeawriter’ssignature,needchanging.There“characterwords”aremostlysubstancewords—nouns,verbs,specialadjectives,andunusualadverbs.Theymayalsobetermsorjargonthathavebeengivensomespecialmeaningbytheoriginalwriter.
Onetaskofparaphrasingistoreplacethecharacterwordswithother,perhapsmoreordinarywordsandexpressions.Onewordineachofthefollowinggroupsofwordsismoreunusualandhasthecapabilityofbecomingacharacterword.Pleaseidentifytheword.
1.one,tick,was,and,man
2.beautiful,cumbersome,interesting,important
3.walk,run,amble,move
4.late,delayed,tardy
5.rule,maxim,law
III.Twostepsofparaphrasing
Mainlytwostepsareusedtoachievethispurpose:
1.Identifyingthecharacterwordsandfindingappropriatesubstitutes(synonym)
2.Understandingtheoriginalsentenceandrewritingitinanewframework
exercise:
“Attitudesareselectivelyacquiredandintegratedthroughlearningandexperience”(JohnD.Faust).
Inthissentence,threewords(selectively,acquired,integrated)arecharacterwordsandshouldbechangedinaparaphrase.Thefollowingaretwopossibleversions.
a)JohnD.Faustexpressestheviewthatthroughlearningandexperience,feelingsandattitudesarecarefullychosenandabsorbed.
b)AsJohnD.Faustpointsout,individualschangetheirattitudesbecauseofthingstheylearnandthethingstheyexperience.
Summarizing
Intermsoffrequencyofusewhencomparingdirectquotation,paraphrasing,andsummarizing,summarizingisprobablythemostcommonwayofthinking,writing,andorganizingideas.
Ifdirectquotationismostlyusedinbothfictionandnon-fiction,andifparaphrasingismostlyusedinbothlanguageteachingandacademicwriting,summarizingisusedinalmosteveryaspectofhumanthinkingandcommunication.Wheneverwerecountastory,anideaoraneventintheformofmainideas,wearesummarizing.
Summarizingas