级阅读理解真题.docx

级阅读理解真题.docx

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级阅读理解真题

　2016年四级

　Passageone

　　Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

　　AsArtificialIntelligence（AI）becomesincreasinglysophisticated,therearegrowingconcernsthatrobotscouldbecomeathreat.Thisdangercanbeavoided,accordingtocomputerscienceprofessorStuartRussell,ifwefigureouthowtoturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammablecode.

　　Russellarguesthatasrobotstakeonmorecomplicatedtasks,it’snecessarytotranslateourmoralsintoAIlanguage.

　　Forexample,ifarobotdoeschoresaroundthehouse,youwouldn’twantittoputthepetcatintheoventomakedinnerforthehungrychildren.“Youwouldwantthatrobotpreloadedwithagoodsetofvalues,”saidRussell.

　　Somerobotsarealreadyprogrammedwithbasichumanvalues.Forexample,mobilerobotshavebeenprogrammedtokeepacomfortabledistancefromhumans.Obviouslythereareculturaldifferences,butifyouweretalkingtoanotherpersonandtheycameupcloseinyourpersonalspace,youwouldn’tthinkthat’sthekindofthingaproperlybrought-uppersonwoulddo.

　　Itwillbepossibletocreatemoresophisticatedmoralmachines,ifonlywecanfindawaytosetouthumanvaluesasclearrules.

　　Robotscouldalsolearnvaluesfromdrawingpatternsfromlargesetsofdataonhumanbehavior.Theyaredangerousonlyifprogrammersarecareless.

　　Thebiggestconcernwithrobotsgoingagainsthumanvaluesisthathumanbeingsfailtososufficienttestingandthey’veproducedasystemthatwillbreaksomekindoftaboo（禁忌）.

　　Onesimplecheckwouldbetoprogramarobottocheckthecorrectcourseofactionwithahumanwhenpresentedwithanunusualsituation.

　　Iftherobotisunsurewhetherananimalissuitableforthemicrowave,ithastheopportunitytostop,sendoutbeeps（嘟嘟声）,andaskfordirectionsfromahuman.Ifwehumansaren’tquitesureaboutadecision,wegoandasksomebodyelse.

　　Themostdifficultstepinprogrammingvalueswillbedecidingexactlywhatwebelieveinmoral,andhowtocreateasetofethicalrules.Butifwecomeupwithananswer,robotscouldbegoodforhumanity.

　　doestheauthorsayaboutthethreatofrobots?

　　A）Itmayconstituteachallengetocomputerprogranmers.

　　B）Itaccompaniesallmachineryinvolvinghightechnology.

　　C）Itcanbeavoidedifhumanvaluesaretranslatedintotheirlanguage.

　　D）Ithasbecomeaninevitableperilastechnologygetsmoresophisticated.

　　wouldwethinkofapersonwhoinvadesourpersonalspaceaccordingtotheauthor?

　　A）Theyareaggressive.

　　B）Theyareoutgoing.

　　C）Theyareignorant.

　　D）Theyareill-bred.

　　dorobotslearnhumanvalues?

　　A）Byinteractingwithhumansineverydaylifesituations.

　　B）Byfollowingthedailyroutinesofcivilizedhumanbeings.

　　C）Bypickinguppatternsfrommassivedataonhumanbehavior.

　　D）Byimitatingthebehaviorofpropertybrought-uphumanbeings.

　　willawell-programmedrobotdowhenfacinganunusualsituation?

　　A）keepadistancefrompossibledangers.

　　B）Stoptoseekadvicefromahumanbeing.

　　C）Triggeritsbuilt-inalarmsystematonce.

　　D）Dosufficienttestingbeforetakingaction.

　　ismostdifficulttodowhenweturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammablecode?

　　A）Determinewhatismoralandethical.

　　B）Designsomelarge-scaleexperiments.

　　C）Setrulesforman-machineinteraction.

　　D）Developamoresophisticatedprogram.

　　PassageTwo

　　Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

　　Whydosomepeoplelivetobeolderthanothers?

Youknowthestandardexplanations:

keepingamoderatediet,engaginginregularexercise,etc.Butwhateffectdoesyourpersonalityhaveonyourlongevity（长寿）?

Dosomekindsofpersonalitiesleadtolongerlives?

AnewstudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietylookedatthisquestionbyexaminingthepersonalitycharacteristicsof246childrenofpeoplewhohadlivedtobeatleast100.

　　Thestudyshowsthatthoselivingthelongestaremoreoutgoing,moreactiveandlessneurotic（神经质的）thanotherpeople.Long-livingwomenarealsomorelikelytobesympatheticandcooperativethanwomenwithanormallifespan.Thesefindingsareinagreementwithwhatyouwouldexpectfromtheevolutionarytheory:

thosewholiketomakefriendsandhelpotherscangatherenoughresourcestomakeitthroughtoughtimes.

　　Interestingly,however,othercharacteristicsthatyoumightconsideradvantageoushadnoimpactonwhetherstudyparticipantswerelikelytolivelonger.Thosewhoweremoreself-disciplined,forinstance,werenomorelikelytolivetobeveryold.Also,beingopentonewideashadnorelationshiptolonglife,whichmightexplainallthosebad-temperedoldpeoplewhoarefixedintheirways.

　　Whetheryoucansuccessfullychangeyourpersonalityasanadultisthesubjectofalongstandingpsychologicaldebate.Butthenewpapersuggeststhatifyouwantlonglife,youshouldstrivetobeasoutgoingaspossible.

　　Unfortunately,anotherrecentstudyshowsthatyourmother’spersonalitymayalsohelpdetermineyourlongevity.Thatstudylookedatnearly28,000Norwegianmothersandfoundthatthosemomswhoweremoreanxious,depressedandangryweremorelikelytofeedtheirkidsunhealthydiets.Patternsofchildhoodeatingcanbehardtobreakwhenwe’readults,whichmaymeanthatkidsofdepressedmomsendupdyingyounger.

　　Personalityisn’tdestiny（命运）,andeveryoneknowsthatindividualscanlearntochange.Butbothstudiesshowthatlonglifeisn’tjustamatterofyourphysicalhealthbutofyourmentalhealth.

　　51.TheaimofthestudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietyis____.

　　A）toseewhetherpeople’spersonalityaffectstheirlifespan

　　B）tofindoutifone’slifestylehasanyeffectontheirhealth

　　C）toinvestigatetheroleofexerciseinlivingalonglife

　　D）toexamineallthefactorscontributingtolongevity

　　52.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutoutgoingandsympatheticpeople?

　　A）Theyhaveagoodunderstandingofevolution.

　　B）Theyarebetteratnegotiatinganagreement.

　　C）Theygenerallyappearmoreresourceful.

　　D）Theyaremorelikelytogetoverhardship.

　　53.Whatfindingofthestudymightprovesomewhatoutofourexpectation?

　　A）Easy-goingpeoplecanalsolivearelativelylonglife.

　　B）Personalitycharacteristicsthatproveadvantageousactuallyvarywithtimes.

　　C）Suchpersonalitycharacteristicsasself-disciplinehavenoeffectonlongevity.

　　D）Readinesstoacceptnewideashelpsoneenjoylongevity.

　　54.WhatdoestherecentstudyofNorwegianmothersshow?

　　A）Children’spersonalitycharacteristicsareinvariablydeterminedbytheirmothers.

　　B）Peoplewithunhealthyeatinghabitsarelikelytodiesooner.

　　C）Mothers’influenceonchildrenmaylastlongerthanfathers’.

　　D）Mothers’negativepersonalitycharacteristicsmayaffecttheirchildren’slifespans.

　　canwelearnfromthefindingsofthetwonewstudies?

　　A）Anxietyanddepressionmoreoftenthannotcutshortone’slifespan.

　　B）Longevityresultsfromacombinationofmentalandphysicalhealth.

　　C）Personalityplaysadecisiveroleinhowhealthyoneis.

　　D）Healthisinlargepartrelatedtoone’slifestyle.

2016年6级阅读理：

　PassageOne

　　Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

　　Interactivetelevisionadvertising,whichallowsviewerstousetheirremotecontrolstoclickonadvertisements,hasbeenpushedforyears.Nearlyadecadeagoitwaspredictedthatviewersof“Friends”,apopularsituationcomedy,wouldsoonbeabletopurchaseasweaterlikeJenniferAniston’swithafewtapsontheirremotecontrol.“It’sbeentheyearofinteractivetelevisionadvertisingforthelasttenortwelveyears,”saysColinDixonofadigital-mediaconsultancy.

　　SothenewsthatCablevision,andAmericancablecompany,wasrollingoutinteractiveadvertisementstoallitscustomersonOctober6thwasgreetedwithsomeskepticism.Duringcommercials,anoverlaywillappearatthebottomofthescreen,promptingviewerstopressabuttontorequestafreesampleororderacatalogue.Cablevisionhopestoallowcustomerstobuythingswiththeirremotecontrolsearlynextyear.

　　Televisionadvertisingcoulddowithaboost.Spendingfellby10%inthefirsthalfoftheyear.Thepopularizationofdigitalvideorecordershascausedadvertiserstoworrythattheircommercialswillbeskipped.SomeareturningtotheInternet,whichischeaperandoffersconcretemeasurementslikeclick-throughrates—especiallyimportantatatimewhenmarketingbudgetsaretight.Withthelaunchofinteractiveadvertising,“manyofthedollarsthatwenttotheInternetwillcomebacktotheTV,”saysDavidKlineofCablevision.Orsotheindustryhopes.

　　Intheory,interactiveadvertisingcanengageviewersinawaythat30-secondspotsdonot.UnileverrecentlyrananinteractivecampaignforitsAxedeodorant（除臭剂），whichkeptviewersengagedformorethanthreeminutesonaverage.

　　Theamountspentoninteractiveadvertisingontelevisionisstillsmall.Magna,anadvertisingagency,reckonsitwillbeworthabout$138millionthisyear.Thatfallsfarshortofthebillionsofdollarspeopleonceexpectedittogenerate.ButDirecTV,ComcastandTimeWarnerCablehaveallinvestedinit.AneweffortledbyCanoeVentures,acoalitionofleadingcableproviders,aimstomakeinteractiveadvertisingavailableacrossAmericalaterthisyear.BrightLineiTV,Whichdesignsandsellsinteractiveads,saysinteresthassurged:

itexpectsitsrevenuesalmosttotriplethisyear.BSkyB,Britain’sbiggestsatellite-televisionservice,alreadyprovides9millioncustomerswithinteractiveads.

　　Yettherearedoubtswhetherpeoplewatchingtelevision,a“leanback”medium,craveinteraction.Click-throughrateshavebeenhi