英国文学史考试的要点.docx

英国文学史考试的要点.docx

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英国文学史考试的要点

1、itis“Beowulf”,thenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople.

《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），又译贝奥武甫，完成于西元八世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000行。

故事的舞台位于北欧的斯堪的纳维亚半岛。

是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇，在语言学方面也是相当珍贵的文献。

贝奥武夫（Beowulf）乃现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。

该诗中并未提及英国，但学者相信该诗约於西元七二五年左右在英国完成。

全诗凡三千一百八十二行，以斯堪地那维亚的英雄贝奥武夫的英勇事迹构成主要内容。

虽然历史上并未证实确有贝奥武夫其人，但诗中所提及的许多其他人物与事迹却得到印证。

Featuresof“Beowulf”:

Themoststrikingfeatureinitspoeticalformistheuseofalliteration.Otherfeaturesof“Beowulf”aretheuseofmetaphorsandofunderstatements.

本诗原以西撒克逊方言写成，押头韵而不押尾韵，用双字隐喻而不用明喻。

全诗内容分为两部分：

第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王（KingHrothgurs）宏伟的宫殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格兰戴（Grendel）每晚出没捉食霍格的战士。

此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹（Geats）王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访，协助除害。

国王当晚设宴款待，熟料妖怪格兰戴又复出现，捉食一名济兹战士，贝奥武夫与之格斗，贝氏扭断其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重伤致死。

第二天晚上，格兰戴的母亲前来为其子复仇，其后贝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中杀死。

第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国，被拥为王，前后五十年，举国大治。

最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年，杀一喷火巨龙，但其个人亦因而身受重创，终於身死。

诗末叙其葬礼，并有挽歌。

2、ThemostprevailingkindofliteratureinfeudalEnglandwastheromance------chivalry.

Thethemeofloyaltytokingandlordwasrepeatedlyemphasizedinromances.

英国封建主义时期最主要的文学是传奇故事（骑士文学）.是最充分地表现了封建贵族阶级精神特征的文学，也是世俗的贵族阶级文学的主要成就.

3、TheBallads:

Aballedisastorytoldinsong.usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.Theyaremainlytheliteratureofthepeasants,andinthemoneisabletounderstandtheoutlookoftheEnglishcommonpeopleinfeudalsociety.民谣,叙事诗（押韵）.

4、GeoffreyChaucer,thefounderofEnglishpoetry.

TroilusandCriseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德.

TheCanterburyTales坎特伯雷故事集,以一伙来自社会各个阶层的香客在宗教朝圣的路上讲述故事为线索，向我们清楚地展示了那个时代人们的生活。

在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。

ThePrologue序言:

AllclassesoftheEnglishfeudalsociety.excepttheroyaltyandthepoorestpeasant.

Chaucer’scontributiontoEnglishpoetrychieflyinthefactthatheintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,especiallytherhymedcoupletof5accentsiniambicmeter（the“heroiccouplet”）乔叟（1343-1400）,英国诗歌之父.首创英雄双韵体.

5、TheRenaissanceandHumanism:

Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.

文艺复兴,提倡理性,人文主义.

6、ThomasMore:

Utopia托马斯?

摩尔:

乌托邦（空想社会主义）.BookonepictureofcontemporaryEnglish,exposethepovertyoflabouringclass.Booktwoidealcomminwealth.

Moreunderstoodthattheprinciple“Fromeveryoneaccordingtohiscapacities,toeveryoneaccordingtohisneeds”istheonlypracticalbasisforacommunistsociety.

7、Thesonnet,anexactformofpoetryin14linesofiambicpentameterintricatelyrhymed,wasintroducedtoEnglandfromItaly.十四行诗（五步抑扬格,押韵）.blankverse:

无韵体（米尔顿）.

8、SirPhilipSideyiswell-knownasapoetandcriticofpoetry,”AstrophelandStella”

圣?

菲律浦?

西德尼十四行诗<<阿期菲尔和斯特拉>>.

EdmundSpenser:

the“poet’spoet”.in1579hewrote“TheShepherd’sCalendar”

斯宾塞,诗人中的诗人,<<牧羊人的日历>>.TheFaerieQueene是一部卷帙丰富的长诗,诗中有传统寓言（ALLEGORY）以及对伊丽莎白女王的颂歌。

9、FrancisBacon,thefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophyandmodernscience.

培根,英国唯物主义和现代科学奠基人,散文家.

10、Marlowe’s马洛<浮士德博士>

ItisMarlowewhofirstmadeblankverse（rhymelesiambicpentameter）theprincipalinstrumentofEnglishdrama.为莎士比亚戏剧作了奠基

11、Shakespere:

四大喜剧AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,AsYouLikeIt,TwelfthNightl.

四大悲剧:

Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth.

DesdemonaandOthellobothbelongtothefutureworld.Theirtragedyshowsthatnoble—mindedpeoplemaybeledastraybyevilforcesinaevilsocietyandcommitheinousmistakesiftheycannotdistinguishfalsehoodfromtruth,andevilfromgood.”Othello”isatragetyofhumanism.”Othello”isalsoatragedyofthecolouredpeopleinasocietyofracialprejudice.

Thethemeof“KingLear”isnotsimplyfilialingratitude.Theplaydepictsagreatsocialupheaval.ThemiseriesofLeardisclosetheessenceofacorruptsociety,Thisisareflectionsofthejunglelawoftheageofprimitiveaccumulations.TherootofLear’stragedyliesinhisirresponsiblydividinguphiskingdomowingtomistakinghistwodaughters’insincereflatteryforgenuinelove.

“Macbeth”:

Theplayisatragedyofambion,whichdrivesabravesoldierandnationalherotodegenerateintoabloodymurdereranddespotrighttohisdoom.

“Hamlet”:

isconsideredthesummitofShakespeare’sart.

12、Milton:

:

ParadiseLost米尔顿<失乐园>

13、SamsonAgonistesisapoeticaldramamodeledontheGreektragedies.大力士参森

14、Bunyan:

ThePilgrim’sProgress班扬<天路历程>影晌了VanityFair<名利场>

15、MetaphysicalPoetsandCavalierPoets玄学派和骑士诗人JohnDonne,邓恩thefounderoftheMetaphysicalschoolofpoetry.bymysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform.形式上很怪异,荒谬.

16、JohnDrydenwasaprolificwriter.Accordingtoclassicism,drama,poetryandproseshouldallbecontrolledbysomefixedrules.古典主义理性法则,秩序.

17、theEnlightenmentinEurope,theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.therepresentativesoftheEnlightnessinEnglishliteraturewereJosephAddisonandRichardSteele,theessayists,andAlexanderPope,thepoet.英国启蒙运动

18、JonathanSwiftwasborninDublin,Ireland,in1667.Gulliver’sTravels斯威夫特<格列佛游记>.

TheDrapie’sLetters散文andAModestProposal,Wood’shalf-pence

19、Defoe:

RobinsonCrusoe笛福:

鲁滨逊漂流记ThecharacterofRobinsonCrusoeisrepresentativeoftheEnglishbourgeoesieattheearliersatagesofitsdevelopment,Heismostpracticalandexactg,alwaysreligiousandatsametimemindfulofhisownprofit.

20、SamuelRichardson:

Pamela,First,itdiscardedthe“improbableandmarvelous”accomplishmentsoftheformerheroicromances,andpucturedthelifeandloveofordinarypeople.Secondly,itsintentionwastoaffordnotmerelyentertainmentbutalsomoralinstruction,Thirdly,itdescribesnotonlythesayinganddoingsofthecharactersbutalsotheirsecretthoughtsandfeeling.Itwas,infact,thefirstEnhlishpsycho-analyticalnovel.书信体写作方法,是心理分析小说的鼻祖,

21、Fielding菲尔丁<约瑟夫安德鲁>thenovelwasatthesametimecriticizedforitsexcessivesentimentalityanditsutilitarianmorality.FieldingastheFounderoftheEnglishRealisticNovel英国现实主义小说奠基人

SomeFeaturesoffielding’sNovel:

1）Fielding’sMethodofRelatingaStory;Therearethreewaysintellingthestoryofanovel.Itmaybetoldinaseriesofletters.

22、Sheridan雪尔顿,戏剧家,造谣学校.

23、Johnson’sDictionary约翰逊<字典编撰>

24、OliverGoldsmith:

Peoms:

五步一扬格

25、SentimetalisminEnglishPoetry.Theappearanceanddevelopmentofsentimentalistpoetrymarksthemidwayinthetransitionfromclassicismtoitsopposite.RomanticisminEnglishPoetry.感伤主义,古典和浪漫转换

ThomasGraya;牧园哀歌

26、Williamblake:

and

27、Burns:

theworksoftheScottishpoetsRamsayandFergusson.苏格兰庄严形式,//ARes,RedRose//.Sothegeneralfeatureoftheworksoftheromanticistsisadissatisfactionwiththebourgeoisxiciety.消极

28、Wordsworth,therepresentarivepoetoftheearlyromaneicism.markedthebreakwiththeconventionalpoeticaltraditionofthe18thcentury.标志着浪漫主义的开始”allgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeeling.Wordsworth,ColeridgeandSoutheyhaveoftenbeenmentionedsathe“LakePoet”消极的湖畔诗人.

29、Coleridge;Hismostimportantproseworkis“BioftaphiaLiteraria,orSketchesofMyLiteraryLifeandOpinions”alitertyautobiography,whichaffordedthenewRomanticpoetryanewprincipleofcriticism,whosetaskwasnottojudgebuttoappreciateandinterpret.ColeridgewasthefirstcriticoftheRomanticschool.诗人,评论家.

30、Byron:

----cantos,拜伦:

<唐璜>诗篇

31、Shelley:

雪莱,<被缚的普罗米修斯>,<西风颂>

32、JohnKeats:

”Beautyintruth,truthinbeauty.”hesharedaclosesympathyinpoliticalsentiment.Yet,whilebyronandShelleyattemptedtoremouldthecontemporarysocietywithbothpoetryandpoliticalaction,KeatsrestrictedhisapplicationoftheprincipleoflibertytothesphereofArt.

33、Lamb,fromMontaigne’s“Essais”:

.伊利亚散文集

34、EnglishCriticalRealism:

CharlesDickens,MakepeaceThackeray,CharlotteandEmilyBronte,ElizabethGaskell,GeorgeEliot.英国批判现实主义,,讽刺,Humorousscenesmayattendtheactionsofthepositivecharacters,butthishumouristingedwithlyricismandservestostressthefinequalitiesofsuchcharacters.Atthesametime,bittersatireandgrotesqueisusedtoexposetheseamysideofthebourgeoissociety.Throughthesketchesofvariousnegativecharactersgivenbirthtobythecapitalistsystem,criticalrealismrevealsthecorruptinginfluenceoftheruleofcashuponhumannature.Hereliestherootofthedemocraticandhumanisticcharacterofthecriticalrealismofthe19thcentury.Butthecriticalrealistsdidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.Theywereunabletofindagoodsolutiontothesocialcontradictions.Thechieftendencyintreirworksisnotofrevolutionbutratherofreformism.

35、Dickens,《ATaleofTwoCities》.”Therewere,ofcourse,richpeopleandpoor”

36、Thackeray:

:

ANovelWithoutaHero名利场.ThetitlewastakenfromBunyan’s“Pilgrim’sProgress”

37、JaneAusten:

Sheherselfcomparedherworktoafineengravingmadeuponalittlepieceofivoryonlytwoinchessquare.Thecomparisonistrue.Theivorysurfaceissmallenough,butthewomanwhomadedrawingsofhumanlifeonitisarealartist.prideandprejudice奥斯汀,<傲慢与偏见>

38、CharlotteBronte:

夏洛蒂勃朗特,EmilyBronte,

39、Mrs.Gaskell:

40、GeorgeEliot:

,.Eliotwrotehernovelswiththeaimofpropagatinghermoralviews.”AdamBede”isanovelofmoralconflicts,showingthecontestofpersonaldesires,passion,temperament,humanweaknessesandtheclaimsofmoralduty.

41、TheEnglishrealistsofthe19thcenturymadeapanoramicpictureofthebourgeoissociety.Theygaveabitingexposureofthegreed,hypocrisyandsordidnessofthebourgeoisie.Theyalsodescribedthesufferingsofthecommonpeopleundercapitalism.Theirdepthofinterpretationanddescriptionpushedtheartofnovel-writingtonewheights,hithertonotattainedbythe18thcenturynovelistsintermsofmoralityandethics,andputforwardreformandreconciliationasthewaytosolveacuteclasscontradictions.theirgreatcontributionforworldliteraturelieschieflyintheirexposureandcriticismofthebourgeoisieandintheirsympatheticdescriptionofthesmall,com