托福写作提高必背的10个短文.docx

托福写作提高必背的10个短文.docx

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托福写作提高必背的10个短文

托福写作提高必背的10个短文

1.000139文科段子：

艺术类音乐

 Itmayseemstrangethatwe'rediscussingmusicfromaBroadwayproductioninthisclass,"TheLionKing"especially,sinceit'sbasedonapopularHollywoodmovie.ImeanmusicpreformedforBroadwaytheaterintheheartofNewYorkcitysurelywouldseemtobeinthewesterntraditionofpopularmusicandnothavemuchincommonwiththemusicwehavebeenstudyinginthiscourse,suchasgamelanmusicofIndonesia,orZuluchantsofSouthAfrica,musicthatdevelopedoutsidethewesterntraditionofEuropeandAmerica.Butinfact,musicianshavealong-standingtraditionofborrowingfrontoneanother'scultures.Andthisproduction'sdirectorintentionallyincludedbothwesternandnon-westernmusic.Thatway,someoftherhythms,instrument,andharmoniestypicalofnon-westernmusiccontrastwithandcomplementpopularmusicmorefamiliartoaudiencesinNorthAmericaandEurope,musiclikerock,jazzorBroadwaystyleshowtunes.SoIwanttospendtherestofthisclassandmostofthenextoneonthemusicfromtheshow"TheLionKing"asawayofsummarizingsomeofthetechnicaldistinctionsbetweentypicalwesternmusicandthenon-westernmusicthatwe'vebeenstudying.NowtheAfricaninfluenceonthemusicisclear.ThestorytakesplaceinAfrica.SothedirectorgotaSouthAfricancomposertowritesongswithadistinctlyAfricansound.AndthesongsevenincludewordsfromAfricanlanguages.Butwe'llgetbacktotheAfricaninfluencelater.Firstlet'sturntothemusicthatwaswrittenfortheshadowpuppetscenesin"TheLionKing",musicbasedontheIndonesianmusicusedintheshadowpuppettheaterofthatregion.

2.000143理科段子：

天文学

Inancienttimes,manypeoplebelievedtheearthwasaflatdisc.Wellover2,000yearsago;theancientGreekphilosopherswereabletoputforwardtwogoodargumentsprovingthatitwasnot.Directobservationsofheavenlybodieswerethebasisofboththesearguments.First,theGreeksknewthatduringeclipsesofthemoontheearthwasbetweenthesunandthemoon,andtheysawthatduringtheseeclipses,theearth'sshadowonthemoonwasalwaysround,theyrealizedthatthiscouldbetrueonlyiftheearthwasspherical,Ittheearthwasaflatdisc,thenitsshadowduringeclipseswouldnotbeaprefectcircle;itwouldbestretchedoutintoalongellipse.ThesecondargumentwasbasedonwhattheGreekssawduringtheirtravels.TheynoticedthattheNorthStar,orPolaris,appearedlowerintheskywhentheytraveledsouth,inthemorenortherlyregions,theNorthStarappearedtothemtobemuchhigherinthesky.Bytheway,itwasalsofromthisdifferenceintheapparentpositionoftheNorthStarthattheGreeksfirstcalculatedtheapproximatedistancearoundthecircumferenceoftheearth,afigurerecordedinancientdocumentssays400.000stadium,that'sthepluraloftheworldstadium.Today,it'snotknownexactlywhatlengthonestadiumrepresents,butlet'ssayitwasabout200meters,thelengthofmanyathleticstadiums.ThiswouldmaketheGreek'sestimateabouttwicethefigureacceptedtoday,averygoodestimateforthosewritingsolongbeforeeventhefirsttelescopewasinvented.

3.991044文科段子：

文学名著

Continuingoursurveyofthe19thcentury,let'stakealooknowatHarrietBeecherStowe.NowStoweisbestknownforhernovelUncleTom'sCabin,abookthatdetailstheharshnessofplantationlifeinthesouth.ThebookwasextremelypopularintheUnitedStatesaswellasinothercountries.Ironicallythough,foralltheattentiongiventoUncleTom'sCabin,it'sfarfromStowe'sbestwork.Shedidwriteoneothernovelaboutlifeinthesouth,butmuchofherbestworkhasnothingwiththesouthatall.Infact,Stowe'sbestwritingisaboutvillagelifeintheNewEngland'sstatesinthe19thcentury.Inrecordingtothecustomsofthevillagesshewroteabout,Stoweclaimedthatherpurposewastoreflecttheimagesasrealisticallyaspossible.Sheusuallysucceeded,forhersettingswereoftendescribedaccuratelyandindetail.Inthissense,shewasanimportantforerunnertotherealisticmovementthatbecamepopularlaterinthe19thcentury.Shewasoneofthefirstwriterstouselocaldialectforhercharacterswhentheyspoke.Andshedidthisfor30yearsbeforeMarkTwainpopularizedtheuseoflocaldialect.ItmakessensethatStowewouldwriteaboutNewEnglandlife,sinceshewasborninConnecticut.Asayoungwomanthere,sheworkedasateacher.Theteachingjobhelpedleadtoherfirstpublishedwork,ageographybookforchildren.Laterwhenshewasmarried,herwritinghelpedhersupportherfamilyfinancially.Throughoutherlife,shewrotepoems,travelbooks,biographicalsketchesandchildren'sbooks,aswellasnovelsforadults

4.991040生活段子：

噪音影响

I'mgradtoseesomanyofyouhere.We'vebecomereallyalarmedoverthehealthcenterbythenumberofstudentsweareseeing,whoareexperiencinghearingloss.First,Iwanttogooversomebasicabouthearing.Thenwecantakealookatourschoolenvironmentandseeifwecanfigureoutsomewaystoprotecthearing.Theleadingcauseofpreventablehearinglossisexcessivenoise.Toomuchmoderatenoiseforalongtimeorsometypesofintensenoiseforevenashorttimecandamagehearing.Loudnessismeasuredinunitscalleddecibels.Onedecibelisthelowestsoundthattheaveragepersoncanhere.Soundsupto80decibelsgenerallyaren'tharmful.That'snoiseliketrafficonabusystreet.Butanythinglouderthan80decibels,especiallywithcontinuousexposure,mayeventuallyhurtyourhearing.Onceyouareuptoaround140decibels,that'slikeajetplanetakingoff,thenyoumightevenfeelpaininyourears.Andpainsaresuresignthatyourhearing'satrisk.Evenoneexposuretoareallyloudnoiseatcloserangecancausehearingloss.Sowhatyouneedtodoislimityourexposuretoharmfullevels.Ifyoupassalongthishandout,wecantakealookatthedecibellevelofsomecommoncampussounds.Noticehowloudthosehornsarethatpeopletaketofootballgames.Theyarereallydangerousifblownrightbehindyou.Now,let'strytogeneratealistofdamagingnoises.

5.990839文科段子：

电影艺术

TogetusstartedthissemesterIamgoingtospendthefirsttwoclassesgivingyoubackgroundlecturesaboutsomebasiccinematicconcepts.Onceyouarealittlemorefamiliarwithbasicfilmterminology,wewillbereadytolookatthehistoryofmoviesintheUnitedStates.You'llbeexpectedtoattendshowingoffilmsonTuesdayeveningsat7o'clockinJenningsAuditorium.That'sourlab.ThenduringourWednesdayseminar,we'lldiscussindepththemoviewesawthenightbefore.Wearenotcoveringsilentfilmsinthiscourse.Wewillbeginwiththefirsttalkingmotionpicture,TheJazzSinger,releasedin1927.Thenextweek,we'llbelookingatTheGoldDiggersof1933,apiecethatisveryrepresentativeoftheescapisttrendinfilmsreleasedduringthedepression.Someofthefilmswewillbewatchingwillprobablybenewtoyou,likeFrankCapra'sWhyWeFight.OthersyoumighthavealreadyseenonTVlikeRebelwithoutACausestarringJamesDeane,orStanleyCooper'sDoctor'sStrangeLove.However,Ihopeyouseeevenfamiliarfilmwithneweye.Inthelastthreeweeksofthecourse,wewillbewatchingfilmsfromthe1980sandyou'llchooseoneofthemasasubjectforanextensivewrittencritique.We'lltalkmoreabouttherequirementsofthecritiquelaterinthissemester.

6.990848文科段子：

历史发展

Lasttime,weoutlinedhowtheCivilWarfinallygotstarted.Iwanttotalktodayaboutthepoliticalmanagementofthewaronbothsides:

thenorthunderAbrahamLincolnandthesouthunderJeffersonDavis.Animportanttaskforbothofthesepresidentswastojustifyfortheircitizensjustwhythewarwasnecessary.In1861,onJuly4th,Lincolngavehisfirstmajorspeechinwhichhepresentedthenorthernreasonsforthewar.Itwas,hesaid,topreservedemocracy.Lincolnsuggestedthatthiswarwasanoblecrusadethatwoulddeterminethefutureofdemocracythroughouttheworld.Forhimtheissuewaswhetherornotthisgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeoplecouldmaintainitsintegrity,coulditremaincompleteandsurviveitsdomesticfoes.Inotherwords,couldafewdiscontentedindividualsandbythathemeantthosewholedthesouthernrebellion,couldtheyarbitrarilybreakupthegovernmentandputanendtofreegovernmentonearth?

Theonlywayforthenationtosurvivewastocrushtherebellion.Atthetime,hewashopefulthatthewarwouldn'tlastlongandtheslaveownerswouldbeputdownforever,butheunderestimatedhowdifficultthewarwouldbe.ItwouldbeharderthananytheAmericanshadthoughtbeforeorsince,largelybecausethenorthhadtobreakthewillofthesouthernpeople,notjustbyitsarmy.ButLincolnralliednorthernerstoadeepcommitmenttothecause.Theycametoperceivethewarasakindofdemocraticcrusadeagainstsouthernsociety

7.981042文科段子：

传媒变迁

Movingawayfromnewspapers,let'snowfocusonmagazines.NowthefirstmagazinewasalittleperiodicalcalledtheReviewanditwasstartedinLondonin1704. Itlookedalotlikethenewspapersofthetime,butintermsofitscontentsitwasmuchdifferent.NewspaperswereconcernedmainlywithnewseventsbuttheReviewfocusedonimportantdomesticissuesoftheday,aswellasthepoliciesofthegovernment.Now,inEnglandatthetime,peoplecouldstillbethrowninjailforpublishingarticlesthatwerecriticaloftheking.AndthatiswhathappenedtoDanielDefoe.Hewastheoutspokenfounderofthereview.DefoeactuallywrotethefirstissueoftheReviewfromprison.Youse