专业英语物理化学.docx

专业英语物理化学.docx

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专业英语物理化学

物化词汇部分：

Chemicalthermodynamics化学热力学

Chemicalkinetics化学动力学

物理化学的分支：

quantumchemistry量子化学；structurechemistry结构化学；catalysis催化；electrochemistry电化学；colloidchemistry胶体

化学。

热力学体系：

closedsystem封闭体系：

asystemthatdoesnotallowtransferofsubstancebutenergy

isolatedsystem孤立体系：

asystemthatdoesnotallowtransferofsubstanceandenergy

opensystem开放体系：

asystemthatallowtransferofsubstanceandenergyInternalenergy内能：

motions分子运动；interaction相互作用；bondingofitsconstituentmolecules分子成键（ionicbond离子键,covalentbond共价键,coordinationbond配位键,hydrogenbond氢键,metallicbond.金属键）

externalenergy外能：

（velocity速度；locationofitscenterofmass位置）=kinetic动力

+potentialenergy势能

Thermalenergy（internalenergy+heat）

Mechanicalenergy（externalenergy+mechanical/electricalwork）

Heat:

energytransferasaresultsofonlytemperaturedifference

Work:

energytransferbyanymechanismthatinvolvesmechanicalmotion

pressure,volume,temperature

extensivevariables广度性质（volume,mass）

intensivevariables强度性质（T,P,molarvolume,molarmass）

ThermodynamicEquilibriums热力学平衡:

thermalequilibrium,热平衡forceequilibrium,力平衡phaseequilibrium,相平衡chemicalequilibrium化学平衡

PVTrelations

expansioncoefficient体积膨胀系数compressibilitycoefficient等温压缩系数热力学定律

Thefirstlawofthermodynamics

*Energyisneithercreatednordestroyed,butmaychangeinforms

enthalpy焓heatcapacity热容

isochoric等容isobaric等压

Thesecondlawofthermodynamics

operates

Clausiusstatement:

Itisnotpossibletoconstructadevicethatinacycleandwhosesoleeffectistotransferheatfromacolderbodytoahotterbody.

TheefficiencyoftheCarnotheatengineisdefinedtobe:

n=（QH-QC）/QH二W/QH=1-TC/TH

endothermic吸热exothermic放热

entropy熵,isentropicprocess等熵过程

spontaneoussystem自发系统,entropybalance熵平衡热化学：

Heatofreaction反应热,isothermal、isobaric、onlyvolumetricwork,

thereaction'heatchange

heatofcombustion燃烧热,25°C,100kPatheheatchangeof1molpure

substaneefullycombustion

heatofformation生成热fixedtemperatureandpressure,theheatchangeof1molpuresubstaneeproducedbythemoststableelement

Gibbsfreeenergy:

G=H-TS

Helmholtzfreeenergy:

F=U-TS

相平衡：

vaporpressure蒸汽压the

pressure

exerted

by

avaporinthermodynamic

equilibriumwith

itscondensedphases（solidorliquid）at

agiven

temperature

in

aclosedsystem.

boilingpoint沸点thetemperatureatwhich

thevaporpressure

of

theliquidequalsthepressuresurroundingtheliquidandtheliquidchangesintoavapor.

melting

point

熔点

thetemperatureat

which

it

changes

state

fromsolid

toliquidatatmosphericpressure

solidifying

point凝固

点thetemperatureat

which

it

changes

state

fromliquid

tosoildatatmosphericpressure

Partial

molar

quantity偏

摩尔量Apartialmolar

property

is

athermodynamicquantity

whichindicates

howanextensive

propertyofasolutionormixturevarieswithchangesin

themolarcompositionofthemixtureat

constanttemperatureandpressure.

Chemicalpotential化学势,isaformofpotentialenergythatcanbeabsorbed

orreleasedduringachemicalreactionorphasetransition.

activity活度activity（symbola）isameasureofthe“effectiveconcentration”ofaspeciesinamixture,inthesensethatthespecies'chemicalpotentialdependsontheactivityofarealsolution

inthesamewaythatitwoulddependonconcentrationforanideal

solution.

fugacity逸度,thefugacityofarealgasisaneffectivepartialpressurewhich

replacesthemechanicalpartialpressureinanaccuratecomputationofthechemicalequilibriumconstant.

activitycoefficient活度系数，fugacitycoefficient逸度系数

thedegreeoffreedom自由度f=C-n+2thenumberofdegreesoffreedomisthenumberofvaluesinthefinalcalculationof

astatisticthatarefreetovary

Phasediagram相图:

single-phase/binary/ternaryx-ydiagram,p-x-ydiagram,t-x-ydiagram

fully/partlymisciblesolution可混溶的溶液,immisciblesolution不可

混容的溶液

minimum/maximumazeotrope共沸（正偏差，最低共沸点；负偏差，最高共沸点），

dewpoint露点thetemperatureatwhichairbornewatervapor

bubblepoint泡点，thetemperature（atagivenpressure）wherethefirstbubbleofvaporisformedwhenheatingaliquidconsistingoftwoormorecomponents

eutecticpoint共熔点thepointatwhichtheliquidphaseLborders

directlyonthesolidphasea+p（ahomogeneouscomposedofbothA

andB）,representingtheminimummeltingtemperatureofanypossiblealloyofAandB.

multi-componentsystem多组成体系

化学平衡：

Chemicalequilibriuminasingle-phasesystem:

freeenergyofformation组成自由能

equilibriumconstant平衡常数

endothermicreaction放热反应

exothermicreaction吸热反应

ionizationconstant电离常数

dissociationconstant解离常数

associationconstant结合常数

化学动力学

chemicalreactionkinetics:

rateofreaction反应速率,orderofreaction反应要求

activationenergy活化能,activatedmolecules活化分子activation活化

collision碰撞,activecenters活性中心activationenthalpy活化焓

parallelreaction平行反应：

substaneereactsordecomposesinmorethan

onewayenvironmentwithoutnewoperation

chainreaction链式反应：

Achainreactionisasequeneeofreactions

whereareactiveproductorby-productcausesadditionalreactionsto

takeplace

light-chemicalreaction,

reactionmechanism反应机理

adsorptionandcatalysis（catalyst）

其他

Surface表面/interface界面colloidchemistry

surfacetension表面张力，interfacialtension界面张力,

surfaceexcess表面超额,surfacefilm,表面膜

surfacecoverage表面覆盖,adsorptiononthesurface,表面吸附

surfactant/surfaceactiveagent表面活性剂，colloid（particles5〜5,000

angstroms）

Electrochemistry,electrochemicalengineeringandelectrolytesolution

theory,electroreaction

Typesofreactors反应器类型

Intermsoftheoperationmodes:

BSTR（batchstirredtankreactor）间歇搅拌罐式反应器;

CSTR（continuousstirredtankreactor）连续搅拌罐式反应器

Pipereactors管式反应器fixed-bedreactor,固定床fluidized-bedreactor流化床

Intermsofthephasestates:

Homogenousreactionreactors均相

Heterogeneousreactionreactors-usingcatalysts多相

Intermsofthefluidflowmodes:

Idealreactors（idealflow）:

Fullymixedflowreactors全混流反应器

Plugflowreactors-PFRs活塞流反应器

Non-idealreactors（modelsarerequired）

Thetank-in-seriesmodel串联罐式模型

Thedispersionmodel分散模型