英语修辞学教案.docx

英语修辞学教案.docx

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英语修辞学教案

EnglishRhetoric英语修辞学

I.ConnotationofRhetoric：

rhetoric的含义

1.Rhetoricmaybeusedasanordinary（普通用词）wordandatechnicalterm（专业术语）.

1）Asanordinaryword,rhetoricinaderogatorysensemeans“skilfulargumentation”（巧辩）and“emptyorexaggeratedeloquence”（虚夸的话）.

.theexaggeratedrhetoricofpresidentialcampaigns（总统竞选期间唱的高调）；theemptyrhetoricofthepoliticians（政客们的花言巧语）;floweryrhetoric（华丽的辞藻）

Rhetoricalsomeans

（1）“languagedesignedtohaveapersuasiveorimpressiveeffectonitsaudience”（言语，辞令）,.employstirringrhetoric;soothingrhetoric;glowingrhetoric

（2）“artisticlanguage”（艺术语言）,.therhetoricoffiction（小说的艺术语言）;therhetoricoffilm（电影语言）;bodyrhetoric（肢体语言）

2）Asatechnicalterm,rhetorichasseveralsenses.InAmerica,thewritingcourseorthewritingtextbookisentitled“rhetoric”.Apartfromtheabovesenses,rhetoricalsohasthefollowingimportantsenses:

（1）Speakingrhetoric（演讲修辞）:

theartofspeaking

（2）Compositionalrhetoric（写作修辞）:

theartofwriting

（3）Stylisticrhetoric（风格修辞，文体修辞）:

thestyleofwriting

2.Rhetoricmayalsobesubdividedintothefollowing:

1）Lexicalrhetoric（词汇修辞）:

therhetoricallawofchoosingwordsandphrases

2）Sentencerhetoric（句子修辞）:

therhetoricallawselectingsentencepatterns

3）Paragraphrhetoric（段落修辞）:

therhetoricallawoforganizingparagraphs

4）textualrhetoric（语篇修辞）:

therhetoricallawoforganizingtexts

II.DefinitionofRhetoric修辞学的定义

Whatisrhetoric?

1.Originofmodernrhetoric:

现代修辞学的起源

Rhetoricoriginatedin“speaking”（说话）.Aristotle（亚里士多得）,inthe4thcenturyBC,firstdefinedrhetoricastheartofpersuasion,equivalenttoargumentationaspeopleunderstandtoday.JohnLocke（约翰.洛克）,Englishphilosopherofthelate17thcentury,describedrhetoricas“thescienceoforatory（演说术）”or“theartofspeakingwithpropriety,eleganceandforce（修辞学是说话得体、优美和有力的艺术）”.Allthisexplainswhytheword“rhetoric”means“speaking”insuchEuropeanlanguagesasGreek,Latin,French,SpanishandItalian.InthebookModernRhetoricbyAmericanlinguistsBrooks（布鲁克斯）andWarren（沃伦）rhetoricisdefinedas“theartofusinglanguageeffectively（修辞学是有效地使用语言的艺术）”.

IntheNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglishrhetoricisdescribedas“theartofeffectiveorpersuasivespeakingorwriting,especiallytheexploitationoffiguresofspeechorothercompositionaltechniques（修辞学是有效或有说服力的演说或写作的艺术，特别是运用英语修辞格或其它写作的艺术）”.

2.RhetoricandFiguresofSpeech:

Figuresofspeecharequitedifferentfromrhetoric,buttheyareimportantcomponentsinEnglishrhetoric.IntheNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglish,“figureofspeech”isdefinedas“awordorphraseusedinanon-literalsensetooaddrhetoricalforceorinteresttoaspokenorwrittenpassage”（修辞格是用一个非字面意义的单词或短语使一段口头或笔头的文字增加修辞效果或兴趣）.Theyrefertorhetoricaldevices（修辞手段）,eachofwhichhasafixedpattern,.Simileisintroducedbycomparativewordsas,like,asif,asthough,etc.;LikeSimile,Metaphorreferstothecomparisonoftwoessentiallyunlikethingswhichhaveonepointofresemblance;Ironyreferstotheintendedimplicationofwhichistheoppositeoftheliteralsenseofwords;Oxymoronreferstotheconjunctionoftwowordsorphraseswhichareincongruousorcontradictoryinsensesoastodescribeapersonorthing;Pun;aplayonwords,sometimesondifferentsensesofthesamewordandsometimesonthesimilarsenseorsoundofdifferentwords;etc.Thesefiguresareemployedinthefollowing.

Heisasstupidasagoose.（=Heisverystupid.）

Hehasaheartofstone./Hehasaheartlikeflint.

（=Heisunfeelingandstubborn.）

Hesleptlikealog/top.（=Hesleptverysoundly.）

Theyarebirdsofafeather.（=Theyarepeopleofthesamesort.）

（Simileandmetaphorareusedofthecomparisonoftwoessentiallyunlikethingswhichhaveonepointofresemblance.）

Thishard-workingboyseldomreadsmorethananhourperweek.（Ifaboyseldomreadsmorethananhourperweek,hemust

beverylazy,nothard-working.）

（Ironyreferstotheintendedimplicationbeingtheoppositeoftheliteralsenseofwords）

Heseemstobeacleverfool.（=Heseemstobeafool,butinfactheisveryclever.）

（Oxymoronreferstotheconjunctionoftwowordsorphraseswhichareincongruousorcontradictoryinsense）

Askformetomorrowandyoushallfindmeagraveman.

（grave:

adj.serious;n.tombThespeakerstressesthelatter.）

（Punreferstoaplayonwords，sometimesondifferentsensesofthesamewordandsometimesonthesimilarsenseorsoundofdifferentwords）

3.Thedifferencebetweenrhetoricandgrammar,phonetics,lexicology

1）Thedifferencebetweenrhetoricandgrammar

Rhetoricisdifferentfromgrammar,butitiscloselyrelatedtogrammarandalsobasedongrammar.Tobegrammaticallycorrectisfoundationtowriting,butitisnotenough.Basicrhetoricalrequirementsmustalsobemet.FrancisChristensenn,anAmericanFrenchrhetorician,oncesaid:

Grammarmapsoutthepossible（计划可能发生的事情）;rhetoricnarrowsthepossibledowntothedesirableandeffective（使可能发生的事情变成很理想的事情或有效地事情）.

IntheprefacetothebookAhandbookofEnglishRhetoricWarrenquotedapassagebyascholar:

Grammaristhelawoflanguage,consideredaslanguage;rhetoricistheartoflanguage,consideredasthought.

Grammartellswhatiscorrect;rhetorictellswhatiseffectiveandpleasing.

2）Rhetoricandphonetics,lexicology

Rhetoricisquitedifferentfromphoneticsandlexicology.Phoneticsisaboutthestudyofspeechsoundsandtheirpronunciation;lexicologyisaboutthestudyofthevocabularyofalanguage;grammarconcernsthestudyorscienceofrulesforformingwordsandcombiningthemintosentences;whereasrhetoricistheartofspeakingorwritingsoastopersuadepeopleeffectively.

III.TheObjectoftheStudyofRhetoric（修辞学研究的内容）

Rhetoricaimsatstudyingallformsofculture,whichmaybeformsofmassmediaoranyculturalphenomenon,concreteorabstract.Modernrhetoricseemstoincludeallformsofdiscourse----writtenorcolloquial,evenallformsofcommunicationinsymbols.（修辞学研究的对象是一切文化形式，它们可以是任何这样或那样、具体或抽象的文化现象。

现代修辞学似乎要把所有的话语形式----书面体和口语体，甚至所有用进行交流的形式都包括在内。

）

IV.ContentsofModernRhetoric（现代修辞学的内容）

1.Therearetwomainrhetoricaltrend（倾向，趋势）incontemporarywesternculture:

1）Stylistics（文体学，风格学）,whichisassociatedwithtwoaspectsofwriting:

（1）Variousregisters（语域）,.scientificandtechnicalwriting（科技文体）,businesswriting（商业文体）andjournalism（新闻体）;

（2）Stylisticvariants（文体的变体）----literarylanguageandstyle,includingpersonalstyle,andstylesofdifferenttimesandschools.

2）Rhetoric（修辞学）,whichischieflyconcernedwithtechniquesofhowtoinfluencetheaudience:

thefunctionsandeffectsofdifferentlanguagesymbolsincommunicationactivities;measurestopromotemutualunderstandingandtoaffecttheemotionsoftheaudience;skillstohandlepersuasionandargumentsasdescribedinthe“threeaestheticcriteria（三个艺术标准）”andthe“threelevelsofrhetoricaloperations”（三个层次的修辞活动）.

2.Specificallyspeaking,rhetoricconsistsoftwobasicaspects:

1）Communicativerhetoric（交际修辞）,whichemphasizesthechoiceofwordsandphrases,andselectionofsentencepatterns,organizingparagraphsandwholepiecesofwritinginsuchawaythatideasareexpressedmostclearly,mostaccuratelyandmostappropriatelyandthebestresultsareachievedincommunication.

2）Aestheticrhetoric（艺术修辞）,whichstressesthevividnessandgracefulness（得体）inexpressingone’sideasbyaestheticapproachesliketheuseoffiguresofspeechsoastoincreasetheemotionalappeal（增强情感魅力）ofone’sspeechorwriting.

V.TheThreeFundamentalElementsinWriting

写作的三个基本元素

AccordingtoDorothyMargaretGuinn（多罗西玛.格丽特.吉恩）andDanielMarder（丹尼尔.玛德）,co-authorsofASpectrumofRhetoric《修辞学的范畴》,thethreefundamentalelementsinwritingarefacts,reasonandfeeling（事实、推理、感情）.Anypieceofwrittendiscoursecontainsacombinationoftheseelements.Atechnicalreport（专业性报告）maybedominatedbyfacts,thoughreasonandfeelingwillalsobefound;whereasalettertoaclosefriendmaybecharged/filledwithfeeling,butreasonandfactswillappearaswell.Knowinghowtheseelementscombinehelpswriterstoshape（形成）,elaborate（说明）andrefine（完善）theirownexpressionsothattheywillbeabletocommunicatewithdesirableresults（能收到.预期的效果）

VI.TheThreePrinciplesforOurStudyofRhetoric

（研究修辞学的三个原则）

TherearethreeprinciplesweshouldabidebyinourstudyofEnglishrhetoric:

1.Weshouldpaydueattentiontotherhetoricaltraditionswhichhavebeenhandeddownfromclassicalrhetoricandfromalltherhetoricalmodesandtechniquesatthethreeofrhetoricaloperations（修辞活动）.Weshouldstudythemandapplythemtoourpracticeofspeakingandwriting.Meanwhiletheaudienceandthecontext（场合）shouldbeborneinmindwhenweuseanyoneoftherhetoricalprinciplesandtechniques.（see

2.Inordertoachievethebestresultsincommunication,onehastounderstand（了解）thepersonorpeoplebeingwrittenorspokento,anddowhatisappropriate（合适的）forthatparticularoccasion.（seep9）

3.Thethirdprincipleisthatweshouldguardagainst（避免）thenegativeinfluenceofourmothertongue.DorothyM.Ginn（多罗西M.吉恩）andDanielMarder（丹尼尔.玛德）write:

“Rhetoricaloperationsarepatternsofthoughtthatdirect（支配）andorder（整理）ourperceptions,ideas,andfeelings（印象、思想、感情）.”（seep11）

VII.TheThreeAestheticCriteriainEnglishRhetoric:

（修辞学的三个艺术标准）

1.Thethreebasicelementsinrhetoric:

EnglishrhetorichaslongstandingtraditionstracingbacktoAristotleinGreece（384-322BC）,andevenearlier.Thethreeaestheticcriteria,logos（=logic）,pathos（=emotion）,ethos（=character）,areitsfundamentalelements.

Thethreeaestheticcriteriadiscussedher