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月份托福阅读真题及答案
2005年11月份托福阅读真题及答案
Questions1-10
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenth
century,itbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastandgrowingagriculturalhinterland.Marketdayssawthecrowdedcityevenmorecrowded,aslinefannersfromwithinaradiusof24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheep,cows,pigs, vegetables,cider,andotherproductsfordirectsaletothetownspeople.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuouslyenlargedthroughouttheperioduntil1736,whenitreachedfromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreetbetweenPineandCedar.ThenextyeartheCallowhillMarketbeganoperation.
Alongwithmarketdays,theinstitutionoftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphiaevenaftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.Thefairsprovidedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfromoutlyingplacesto
would-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown,forexample,
werepopularitems.
Auctionswereanotherpopularformofoccasionaltrade.Becauseofthecompetition,retailmerchantsopposedtheseaswellasthefairs.Although
governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessful,theordinarycourseofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants'side,asincreasingbusinessspecializationbecametheorderoftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterparts,andspecialtyshopsbegantoappearin additiontogeneralstoressellingavarietyofgoods.
OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia'smerchantsgenerallyprosperedwasbecausethe
surroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.
Theydidtheirbusiness,afterall,inthecapitalcityoftheprovince.Notonlydidthey
catertothegovernorandhiscircle,butcitizensfromalloverthecolonycametothecapitalforlegislativesessionsoftheassemblyandcouncilandthemeetingsofthe
courtsofjustice.
1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Philadelphia'sagricultureimportance
(B)Philadelphia'sdevelopmentasamarketingcenter
(C)ThesaleofimportedgoodsinPhiladelphia
(D)TheadministrationofthecityofPhiladelphia
2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatnewmarketsopenedinPhiladelphiabecause
(A)theyprovidedmoremodemfacilitiesthanoldermarkets
(B)theHighStreetMarketwasforcedtoclose
(C)existingmarketswereunabletoservethegrowingpopulation
(D)farmerswantedmarketsthatwereclosertothefarms.
3.Theword"hinterland"inline3isclosestinmeaningto
(A)tradition
(B)association
(C)produce
(D)region
4.Theword"it"inline6refersto
(A)thecrowdedcity
(B)aradius
(C)theHighStreetMarket
(D)theperiod
5.Theword"persisted"inline9isclosestinmeaningto
(A)returned
(B)started
(C)declined
(D)continued
6.Accordingtothepassage,fairsinPhiladelphiawereheld
(A)onthesamedayasmarketsays
(B)asoftenaspossible
(C)acoupleoftimesayear
(D)wheneverthegovernmentallowedit
7.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthormentions"Linensandstockings"inline12toshowthattheywereitemsthat
(A)retailmerchantswerenotwillingtosell
(B)werenotavailableinthestoresinPhiladelphia
(C)weremorepopularinGermantownmaninPhiladelphia
(D)couldeasilybetransported
8.Theword"eradicate"inline16isclosestinmeaningto
(A)eliminate
(B)exploit
(C)organize
(D)operate
9.Whatdoestheauthormeanbystatinginline17that"economicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants'side"?
(A)Merchantshadastrongimpactoneconomicexpansion.
(B)Economicforcesallowedmerchantstoprosper.
(C)Merchantshadtoworktogethertoachieveeconomicindependence
(D)Specialtyshopsnearlargemarketsweremorelikelytobeeconomically
successful.
10.Theword"undergoing"inline22isclosestinmeaningto
(A)requesting
(B)experiencing
(C)repeating
(D)including
Questions11-22
Avicolturists,peoplewhoraisebirdsforcommercialsale,havenotyetlearned
howtosimulatethenaturalincubationofparroteggsinthewild.Theycontinue
tolookforbetterwaystoincreaseeggproductionandtoimprovechicksurvivalrates.
lineWhenparrotsincubatetheireggsinthewild,thetemperatureandhumidityofthe
(5) nestarecontrollednaturally.Heatistransferredfromthebird'sskintothetopportion
oftheeggshell,leavingthesidesandbottomoftheeggatacoolertemperature.This
temperaturegradientmaybevitaltosuccessfulhatching.Nestconstructioncan
contributetothistemperaturegradientNestsoflooselyarrangedsticks,rocks,ordirt
arecoolerintemperatureatthebottomwheretheeggcontactsthenestingmaterial.
(10)Suchnestsalsoactashumidityregulatorsbyallowingraintodrainintothebottom
sectionsofthenestsothattheeggsarenotindirectcontactwiththewater.Asthe
waterthatcollectsinthebottomofthenestevaporates,thewatervaporrisesandis
heatedbytheincubatingbird,whichaddssignificanthumiditytotheincubation
environment
(15)Inartificialincubationprograms,aviculturistsremoveeggsfromthenestsofparrots
andincubatethemunderlaboratoryconditions.Mostcommercialincubatorsheatthe
eggsfairlyevenlyfromtoptobottom,thusignoringthebird'smethodofnatural
incubation,andperhapsreducingtheviabilityandsurvivabilityofthehatchingchicks.
Whenincubatorsarenotused,aviculturistssometimessuspendwoodenboxesoutdoors
(20)touseasnestsinwhichtoplaceeggs.Inareaswhereweathercanbecomecoldafter
eggsarelaid,itisveryimportanttomaintainadeepfoundationofnestingmaterialto
actasinsulatoragainstthecoldbottomofthebox.Ifeggsrestagainstthewooden
bottominextremelycoldweatherconditions,theycanbecomechilledtoapointwhere
theembryocannolongersurvive.Similarly,theseboxesshouldbeprotectedfrom
(25)directsunlighttoavoidhightemperaturesthatarealsofataltothegrowingembryo.
Nestingmaterialshouldbeaddedinsufficientamountstoavoidbothextreme
temperaturesituationsmentionedaboveandassurethattheeggshaveasoft,secure
placetorest.
11.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
(A)Nestingmaterialvariesaccordingtothe
parrots'environment.
(B)Humidityisanimportantfactorin
incubatingparrots'eggs.
(C)Aviculturistshaveconstructedtheideal
nestboxforparrots.
(D)Wildparrots'nestsprovideinformation
usefulforartificialincubation.
12.Theword"They"inline2refersto
(A)aviculturists
(B)birds
(C)eggs
(D)rates
13.Accordingtoparagraph2,whenthe
temperatureofthesidesandbottomoftheegg
arecoolerthanthetop,then
(A)theremaybeagoodchancefor
successfulincubation
(B)theembryowillnotdevelopnormally
(C)theincubatingparentmovestheeggto
anewposition.
(D)theincubationprocessissloweddown
14.Accordingtoparagraph2,sticks,rocks,ordirtareusedto
(A)softenthebottomofthenestforthenewly
hatchedchick
(B)holdthenesttogether
(C)helplowerthetemperatureatthebottomof
thenest
(D)makethenestbigger
15.Accordingtoparagraph2,theconstructionofthenestallowswaterto
(A)provideabeneficialsourceofhumidity
inthenest
(B)loosenthematerialsatthebottomofthe
nest
(C)keepthenestinacleancondition
(D)touchthebottomoftheeggs
16.Allofthefollowingarepartofaparrot's
incubationmethodEXCEPT
(A)heatingthewatervaporasitrisesfromthe
bottomofthenest
(B)arrangingnestingmaterialatthebottomof
thenest
(C)transferringheatfromtheparenttothetop
oftheeggshell
(D)maintainingaconstanttemperatureonthe
eggshell
17.Theword"suspend"inline19isclosestin
meaningto
(A)build
(B)paint
(C)hang
(D)move
18.Theword"fatal"inline25isclosestin
meaningto
(A)close
(B)deadly
(C)natural
(D)hot
19.Theword"secure"inline27isclosestin
meaningto
(A)fiesh
(B)diy
(C)safe
(D)warm
20.Accordingtoparagraph3,adeepfoundationofnestingmaterialprovides
(A)aconstantsourceofhumidity
(B)astrongnestbox
(C)moreroomfornewlyhatchedchicks
(D)protectionagainstcoldweather
21.Whichofthefollowingisaproblemwith
commercialincubators?
(A)Theylackthenaturaltemperaturechanges
oftheoutdoors.
(B)Theyareunabletoheattheeggsevenly
(C)Theydonottransferheattotheegginthe
samewaytheparentbirddoes.
(D)Theyareexpensivetooperate.
22.Whichofthefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage?
(A)Aviculturists(lineI)
(B)Gradient(line8)
(C)Incubation(line15)
(D)Embryo(line24)
Questions23-33
Themineralparticlesfoundinsoilrangeinsizefrommicroscopicclayparticles
tolargeboulders.Themostabundantparticles—sand,silt,andclay—arethefocus
ofexaminationinstudiesofsoiltexture.Textureisthetermusedtodescribethe
linecompositesizesofparticlesinasoilsample,typicallyseveralrepresentativehandfuls.
(5) Tomeasuresoiltexture,thesand,silt,andclayparticlesaresortedoutbysizeand
weight.Theweightsofeachsizearethenexpressedasapercentageofthesample
weight.
Inthefield,soiltexturecanbeestimatedbyextractingahandfulofsodand
squeezingthedampsoilintothreebasicshapes;
(1)cast,alumpformedbysqueezing
(10)asampleinaclenchedfist;
(2)thread,apencilshapeformedbyrollingsoilbetween
thepalms;and(3)ribbon,aflatfishshapeformedbysqueezingasmallsamplebetween
thethumbandindexfinger.Thebehavioralcharacteristicsofthesoilwhenmoldedinto
eacho