高一英语定语从句归纳总结.docx

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高一英语定语从句归纳总结.docx

高一英语定语从句归纳总结

定语从句的类型:

  ﹙1﹚限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)。

  ①直接由引导词引导定语从句

  Themanwhoyou’retalkingtoismyfriend.

  ②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导

  Themantowhomyou’retalkingismyfriend.

  IneedapenwithwhichIcanwritealetter.

  =IneedapieceofpaperonwhichIcanwritealetter.

  介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定,该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前,也可放在从句之尾。

例如:

  Theman(who/whom/that)ItalkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.

  =ThemanaboutwhomItalkedatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.

  Thepalace(which/that)Ioftenpayavisittowasbuiltinthe17thcentury.

  =ThepalacetowhichIoftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.

  ﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。

  ①直接由引导词引导定语从句。

  ②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导。

  Iliveinahousefarawayfromthecity,infrontofwhichisabigtree.

  Thereisanappletreestandingatthegate,onwhicharemanyapples.

  ThisisthemantowhomIgavethebook.

  ③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“ofwhich/whom+名词/代词”(先行词指

  人用whom,指物用which)引导。

One,some,any,none,all,both,several,many,most,neither,either等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或ofwhich连用。

  Hehasfivechildren,twoofwhomareabroad.

  (比较:

Hehasfivechildren,andtwoofthemareabroad.)

  Wehavethreebooks,noneofwhichis/areinteresting.

  (比较:

Wehavethreebooks,butnoneofthemis/areinteresting.)

  除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外,其余引导词都可以,用法同限定性定语从句一样。

但要注意以下区别。

  1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。

  2.非限定性定语从句的作用:

它只是补充说明先行词的情况,翻译时可译成两个句子。

  Theengineer,whoselegwasbadlyhurt,wasquicklysenttohospital.

  (那位工程师被很快送往医院,其腿部受了重伤)

  Theengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.

  (那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院)

  3.在非限定性定语从句中,任何引导词都不能省略(包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内)。

指人做主语时只能用who,做宾语时用whom;

  指物做主语,宾语都用which;关系副词用when或where,也不能省略。

  Theman,______issittingonthechair,ismyfather.

  Thewoman,_______Imetyesterday,ismyEnglishteacher.

  Thecity,_______isfaraway,isverybeautiful.

  HewenttoAmerica,______hisparentslive.

  HejoinedtheArmyyesterday,______Ileft,too.

  4.whose引导非限定性定语从句:

  Thehouse,whosewindowfacessouth,ismine.

  =Thehouse,thewindowofwhichfacessouth,ismine.

  =Thehouse,ofwhichthewindowfacessouth,ismine.

  二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。

  1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的主语,不能省略。

  Doyouknowthegentlemanwho/thatissittingthere?

  2.whom/who/that指人是宾格,在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)。

  ①当作动宾(动词后接宾语)时,关系代词可省略。

  Doyouknowthegentleman(whom/who/that)wemetjustnow?

  ②当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时:

  介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;

  介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。

  Theman(whom/who/that)Ispokewithismyteacher.

  ThemanwithwhomIspokeismyteacher.

  ※注:

固定的动词短语(动词+介词)如lookfor,takecareof等不能把动词与介词拆开,既介词不能提至引导词前。

  Sheistherightgirl(who/whom/that)wearelookingfor.

  3.whose:

指人或物,是所有格“…的”形式。

Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语(动宾或介宾)即先行词的什么东西怎样了,whose不能省略。

Whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the=n.

  Ididn’tfindthedeskwhoselegwasbroken.(主语)

  HeisthestudentwhosepencilIbrokeyesterday.(动宾)

  ThebossinwhosecompanyIworkisverykind.(介宾)

  4.which/that指物,指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)。

  ①当作动宾时,关系代词可省略。

  ②当作介宾时:

  介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;

  介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。

  Thehousewhich/thatwasdestroyedintheearthquakeisweak.

  Thepen(which/that)youfoundyesterdayismine.

  Thegames(that/which)theyoungmencompetedinweredifficult.

  Thegamesinwhichtheyoungmencompetedweredifficult.

  ※注:

介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)。

  ※5.as指人或物,在定语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语或状语,不能省略。

主要用于“thesame…as…;such…as…;so…as…;as…as…;asfollows”固定结构中,形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。

要用as代替who(m),which,或that引导定语从句:

  SuchpeopleasknewHillthoughthewashonest.

  SuchpeopleasHillknewthoughthewashonest.

  Myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.

  Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.

  Thechildknowsasmuchasgrow-ups(know).

  I’dliketohavethesamebooksasareusedinyourschool.

  HeisnotsuchapersonasIexpected.

  Hewillmarryasprettyagirlashecanfind.

  ※注:

which和as可引导非限定性定语从句:

可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换。

因此,当as/which指代前面的整个句子,或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时,谓语用单数.

  Ourteamlostthegame,as/whichwasreportedinthenewspaper.

  Shewasterrified,as/whichIcouldseefromhereyes.

  Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.

  区别:

  ①as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。

  Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.

  =Aswasnatural,hemarriedher.

  MarkTwinisagreatwriter,which/asisknowntoall.

  =Asisknowntoall,MarkTwinisagreatwriter.

  ②as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意,而which则无此意。

常用句型有:

  asweallknow,asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected,Asisknown/said/reported/told/weallknow等。

如:

  Asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.

  Toshutyoureyestofacts,asmanyofyoudo,isfoolish.

  ③主句和从句有因果关系时,用which.

  Ourclasshaswonthefootballmatch,whichmadeusveryhappy.

  Bamboosarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.

  ④从句含否定意义时常用which.

  Shedidn’tpasstheexam,whichwecouldn’texpect.

  Shedidn’tpasstheexam,asweexpected.

  6.when关系副词:

指时间。

在定语从句中作时间状语,不能省略。

此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表时间的名词)。

  IstillrememberthetimewhenIjoinedtheLeague.

  =IstillrememberthetimeonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.

  =Istillrememberthetime(which/that)IjoinedtheLeagueon.

  7.where关系副词:

指地点。

在定语从句中作地点状语,不能省略。

此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表地点的名词)。

  IstillremembertheschoolwhereIjoinedtheLeague.

  =IstillremembertheschoolinwhichIjoinedtheLeague.

  =Istillremembertheschool(which/that)IjoinedtheLeaguein.

  ※注:

对关系副词when,where的认识。

  ①.先行词是时间的名词,并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。

  I’llneverforgetthetime(which/that)IspentinBeijing.

  ②.先行词是地点的名词,并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句。

  Thisisthefactory(which/that)hevisitedyesterday.

  ③.当句型为It/This/Thatis(was)thefirst(second…last)time引起的句子时用that连接其后的句子。

此时的time是次数,不是时间。

  It/Thisisthefirsttimethatwetravel.

  It/ThisisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.

  8.why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,先行词通常为reason,不能省略。

且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。

Why=forwhich

  Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhewaslateyesterday.

  Thereasonwhy(forwhich)hewaslateisthathemissedthebus.

  ※注:

当先行词为reason时,关系副词并非都用why。

  Thisisthereason(that/which)hegave/explainedtous.

  【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】

  从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。

试比较:

  Iwillneverforgettheday(which/that)IspentinHongkong.

  (spent是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略)

  Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichHongkongreturnedtoitsmotherland.

  (从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)

  Thereason(that/which)hegavefornotcomingtoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.

  (gave是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略)

  Thereasonwhyhedidn’tcometoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.

  (从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)

  三.值得注意的几个问题:

  第一.当先行词是物时,关系代词(that/which)只用that的情况。

  1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。

  Thisisthebestfilmthathasbeenshownthisyear.

  Thisisthefirstbook(that)Iborrowfromthelibrary.

  ※Heisthefirststudentthat/whocametoschooltoday.

  2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。

  Hetalkedabouttheteachersandtheschool(that)hehadvisited.

  3.当先行词本身是all的,用that。

(allthat=what)

  Allthat(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.

  =All(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.

  Gooverallthat(what)welearned.

  =Gooverall(what)welearned.(that在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略)

  4.先行词为something,anything,nothing,everything,thing时,用that.

  I’lltellyouanything(that)Iknow.

  5.当先行词前有all,much,little,many,(a)few,every,some,any,no,only,thevery,oneof,theonly,thelast,thenext等修饰语时。

  Thisisoneofthebooks(that)I’mveryinterestingin.

  ※ThisisoneofthebooksinwhichI’mveryinteresting.

  Thisistheonlybook(that)Iread.

  Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.

  Alltheglassesthatwereonthetablefelloffontothefloor.

  6.(人,物),当先行词在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时,用that引导以避免混淆.

  Whoisthemanthatistalkingwiththelady?

  Whichofyouthatknowtheanswercancometothefront?

  7.当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时,用that.

  Helikesthegirlthatsheusedtobe.

  第二.当先行词是物时,关系代词(that/which)只用which的情况。

  1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时.

  Theroominwhichhelivesisverylarge.

  2.引导非限定性定语从句时(主,宾都用which,都不能省略).

  Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.

  Thehouse,whichIvisitedyesterday,isverylarge.

  3.which指整个句子的内容或部分内容,引导非限定性定语从句.

  Healwaysmakesfunofme,whichupsetsme.

  第三.其他特殊情况.

  1.先行词是these,those指人时,关系代词只用who.

  Thosewhoareplayingovertherearemystudents.

  2.先行词是人称代词(he,she…)时,关系代词只用who.

  Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.

  3.不定代词someone,anyone,everyone,noone,somebody,anybody,everybody作先行词时,关系代词用who.

  Anybodywhobreakstheruleswouldbepunished.

  4.①先行词是theonlyoneof+可数名词复数,在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用单数形式(因为此时的先行词是theonlyone,而不是of后的可数名词复数).

  Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.

  Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksthatisborrowed.

  ②先行词是oneof+可数名词复数,在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用复数形式(因为此时的先行词是of后的可数名词复数,而不是one).

  Thisisoneofthestudentswhoarelate.

  5.当主句缺先行词时,用theone代替,但须注意:

theone只能代替可数名词单数.如为不可数名词时,指什么用什么.

  IsthisschooltheoneIvisitedyesterday?

  Ispopmusicthemusichelikesbest?

  6.当先行词是theway,在定语从句中充当方式状语时(theway表“以…方式/方法”),引导词通常用that或省略,也可用inwhich.

  Idon’tliketheway(that)youspeak.

  =Idon’tlikethewayinwhichyouspeak.

  =Idon’tliketheway(which/that)youspeakin.

  【“介词+关系代词”十种情况】

  在定语从句中,介词+关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题。

现就几种常见的介词+关系代词的结构浅析如下:

  1.介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语,代替相应的关系副词when,where和why。

如:

Istillrememberthedayonwhich(when)Ifirstcametoschool.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。

  Thefactoryinwhich(=where)Iwork

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