高中化学基础知识Basic knowledge of high school chemistry.docx

高中化学基础知识Basic knowledge of high school chemistry.docx

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高中化学基础知识Basicknowledgeofhighschoolchemistry

高中化学基础知识（Basicknowledgeofhighschoolchemistry）

Highschoolchemistry,knowledgepoints,concept,alotofthingsareveryabstract,difficulttounderstand,toreviewthegreatdifficulty,Weifangyoungteacherstocreatehighschoolchemistryaimstohelpthestudentsarestudyinganddeepentheirunderstandingofthechemistryofhighschool,tohelpthemsolvethedifficultiesencounteredinlearning.

Catalog

Safetyofchemicalexperiment

Separationandpurificationofmixtures

Iontest

Aunitofquantityofmatter

Theapplicationofquantityofmatterinchemistryexperiment

Chemicalsandtheirchanges

Metalsandtheircompounds

Nonmetalsandtheircompounds

Testofchlorideion

Nitricoxideandnitrogendioxide

Ammoniaandammoniumsaltchemicalexperimentsafety

Separationandpurificationofmixtures

Iontest

Aunitofquantityofmatter

Theapplicationofquantityofmatterinchemistryexperiment

Chemicalsandtheirchanges

Metalsandtheircompounds

Nonmetalsandtheircompounds

Testsforchlorideion,nitricoxideandnitrogendioxide,ammoniaandammoniumsalts

Safetyofchemicalexperiment

1,

（1）thetestofpoisonousgasshouldbecarriedoutintheventilatedkitchen,andattentionshouldbepaidtothepropertreatmentofexhaustgas（absorptionorignition,etc.）.Whenconductinginflammableandexplosivegasexperiments,itshouldbeobservedthatthetailgasshouldbeburnedorproperlytreated.

（2）burnshouldbetreatedbyadoctor.（3）concentratedacidsprinkledontheexperimentaltable,firstwithNa2CO3（orNaHCO3）neutralization,andthenwashedcleanwithwater.Concentratedacidstainedontheskin,itshouldbewipedwithadrycloth,andthenrinsewithwater.ConcentratedacidsplashintheeyeshouldbedilutedwithdiluteNaHCO3solution,andthenaskthedoctortodealwith.（4）concentratedalkaliontheexperimentaltable,firstdilutewithaceticacidneutralization,andthenwashedcleanwithwater.Concentratedalkaliontheskin,itshouldfirstflushwithalargeamountofwater,andthencoatedwithboricacidsolution.Concentratedalkalisplashintheeye,rinsewithwaterandthenrinsewithboricacidsolution.（5）sodium,phosphorusandotherfiresshouldbecoveredwithsand.（6）asmallareaofalcoholandotherflammableorganicmatteriscaughtfire.Itshouldbequicklywashedwithadampcloth.

Separationandpurificationofmixtures

Theapplicationshouldpayattentiontomattersofmaterialseparationandpurificationmethodforexamplefiltrationforsolid-liquidseparationmixedapaste,twolowandthreebydistillationandpurificationsuchaspurificationorseparationofliquidmixturesofdifferentboilingpointstopreventliquidsaltbumping,themercurythermometeristhepositionoftheball,theflowofthewatersolubilityofdifferentcondensationdistillationsuchasoildistillationsuchastheuseofoilextractionofsoluteinanimmisciblesolvent,asolventextractionagentselectionmethodofsolutefromitssolutionandanothersolventcompositionoftheextractshouldmeetthefollowingrequirements:

theoriginalandthesolventimmiscible;opentheupperendofthepistonorthegroovethepistonandthefunnelwateronthesolubilityofthesoluteismuchlargerthantheoriginalsolventwithbromineincarbontetrachlorideextractionofbromineandiodineliquidseparationofimmiscibleliquidsTheairiscommunicatedwiththeairinsideandoutsidethefunnel.Openthepiston,thepistonclosesslowlylowerliquidoutflow,inatimelymanner,theupperliquidpouredoutfromtheupperendasbyheatingamixtureofevaporationofbromineandiodinebromineincarbontetrachlorideextractionintoliquidafterevaporationandcrystallizationforseparationandpurificationofseveralsolublesolidsolutionevaporates,withaglassrodtostirmoreevaporationwhenthesolidsolution;inthedish,stopheatingseparationofNaClandKNO3mixture

Iontest

ThephenomenonofionionequationClAgNO3reagent,diluteHNO3whiteprecipitateproducedCl+Ag+AgCl=SO42-:

diluteHClprecipitationformula,BaCl2whiteprecipitateSO42-+Ba2+=BaSO4downthemostcommonshouldhave:

alkalisodiumpotassiumcalciumandbarium,besidesisinsolubleinwater;bariumsulfate,leadwatersolublechloridesalt,silvercarbonateinpotassiumsodiumsolutionunder.K+,Na+,K+（throughthepurpleflame,cobaltblueglass）Na+yellow.Fe3+usesKSCNsolutiontogenerateredsubstancesFe（SCN）3.,Br-andI-,usingadiluteHNO3acidifiedAgNO3solutionBr-toproduceapaleyellowprecipitatethatisinsolubleindilutenitricacid,andI-producesayellowprecipitatethatisinsolubleindilutenitricacid.

Afterthereleaseofcarbonateionswithhydrochloricacidiscolorlessandodorlessandmakeclearlimewaterturbidgases:

carbondioxide.Ammoniaionswithconcentratedsodiumhydroxide,heatedtoproduceapungentodor,wetredlitmusblueNH3.fourgasimpurity.Note:

1,inordertomaketheimpurity,reagentcannotjoinis"appropriate",butshouldbe"excessive",becauseyoucannotguaranteethataddingsolventtheamountofonlyexcessionsorionclustersinthesubsequentoperationmustbeeasytoremove.2.Makesurethatnewimpurityparticlesarenotintroduced,andevenifadded,theymustberemovedinsubsequentoperations

Aunitofquantityofmatter

1.thequantityofasubstance（n）isthephysicalquantityofacollectivecontainingacertainnumberofparticles.2.moles（mol）:

measureanyparticleof23squareparticlescontaining6.02x10particlesinto1moles.3.:

theAvogadroconstant23timesmol-1iscalledAvogadroconstant6.02X10.4.oftheamountofsubstancesubstancecontainingparticlenumber=5.=N/NAn/Avogadroconstantmolarmass（M）

（1）definition:

massperunitamountofsubstanceofthematerialiscalledmolarmass.

（2）:

g/molorg..Mol-1（3）:

numericalrelativeatomicmassorrelativemolecularmassisequaltotheparticlequality/quantity=6..Materialmaterialmolarmass（n=m/M）six,themolarvolumeofgas1.gasmolarvolume（Vm）

（1）definition:

gasunitmolarvolumecalledthemolarvolumeofgas.

（2）:

unitvolume=L/mol2.gasvolume/materialthemolarvolumeofgasn=V/Vm3.standardcondition,Vm=22.4L/mol

Theapplicationofquantityofmatterinchemistryexperiment

1.theconcentrationofasubstance.

（1）definedastheamountofsubstanceinthesolutionofasolutecontainedinaunitvolumesolution.ThephysicalquantityofthesolutioniscalledtheconcentrationofthesubstanceBofthesoluteB.

（2）:

mol/L（3）theamountofsubstanceconcentration=theamountofsolutematerial/solutionvolumeCB=nB/V2.acertainamountofsubstanceconcentrationofcompound

（1）:

accordingtothebasicprincipleofconcentrationforvolumeandsolutesolutionofthematerial,methodofcalculationforconcentrationofrelatedsubstancesandcalculatethemassorvolumerequiredforthesoluteinthecontainerwillbedilutedwithsolventandsolutetoaspecifiedvolume,havetopreparedsolution.

（2）themainoperationoftheA.testwhetherthe.B.solution,WaterLeakage1.2.3,weighing,dissolution,transfer,5.4.,washing.The6fixedvolume.7.8,shake,storagesolution.Note:

Aselectionandpreparationfortheflaskvolumeofsolutionthesame.Bmustbecheckedbeforeuse.WaterLeakagewhetherCcannotbedirectlydissolvedinavolumetricflask.Ddissolvedaftersolutionandthentransfertocoolingatroomtemperature.EconstantvolumeWhentheliquidlevelis1to2cmawayfromthecalibrationline,useadroppertoobservethewaterheadtothelowestpointoftheliquidsurfacebytheheadupmethod.3.solutionisdiluted:

C（concentratedsolution）,V（concentratedsolution）,=C（dilutesolution）,V（dilutesolution）

Chemicalsandtheirchanges

Asysteminwhichsubstances（orsubstances）aredispersedinanother（ormore）substance,knownasdispersions.Substancesdispersedarecalleddispersions（gases,liquids,solids）.Substancesthatactasdispersingagentsarecalleddispersants（gases,liquids,solids）.Threekindsofcolloidalsolution,emulsion,dispersion,scatteredmatterparticlesize/nmappearancecanpassthroughthefilterpaperortheTyndalleffectwaslessthan1examplesofuniform,transparentandstablewithoutNaCl,sucrosesolutionin1-100betweencolloidaluniform,transparentandstabletosomeFe（OH）3colloidemulsionchemicalchangesmorethan100chemicalchangesisnotuniform,opaqueandunstablewithoutslurrytwo,materialcanoccurinavarietyof1,betweensubstances,accordingtocertainstandardscanbeusedtoclassifychemicalchanges.

（1）accordingtothereactantsandproductscategoriesandhowmanyspeciesofthereactioncanbedividedinto:

A,chemicalreaction（A+B=AB）,B（AB=A+B）C,thedecompositionreactionofreplacementreaction（A+BC=AC+B）,Dmetathesis（AB+CD=AD+CB）reaction

（2）accordingtowhetherisinthethereactionisdividedinto:

A,ionreaction:

thereareaclassofreactiveioninthe.Thereactionsmainlyinvolvemetathesisandredoxreactionsinvolvingions.B,molecularreaction（nonionicreaction）（3）accordingtowhetherthereisareactionintheelectrontransferreactioncanbedividedinto:

A,redoxreaction:

thereactionofelectrontransfer（gainoroffset）ofthereactionsubstance:

theelectrontransfer（gainoroffset）features:

thevalenceofelementsbeforeandafterthereactionwiththechangeofBandnonredoxreaction,2ionreaction

（1）,electrolyte:

conductivecompoundsinaqueoussolutionormeltstate,calledelectrolyte.Acids,alkalis,andsaltsareelectrolytes.Acompoundthatcannotconductelectricityinaqueoussolutionormoltenstate;iscalledanonelectro