GMAT高分作文.docx

GMAT高分作文.docx

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GMAT高分作文

1.我用的是800分大牛tonyadidas的AA模版，但根据实际经验，对各段稍作精简（把拗口的一些词、句式去掉），再排了序（挑出常考到的高频理由）。

2.画线处为经典的段首、尾句式，请务必背熟、灵活运用！

因为各段内容可以现编，也常常编的是废话反复说，但有了这样漂亮的段首、尾来保障结构，就安全多了。

非常经典的开头、结尾――看完题目就开始直接打这两段，边打边想理由！

（经典）开头段模板Theconclusionendorsedinthisargumentisthat….Severalreasonsareofferedinsupportofthisargument.Firstofall,theauthorpointsoutthat….Inaddition,theauthorreasonsthat…（What’smore,healsoassumesthat…）Atfirstglance,theauthor’sargumentappearstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectionrevealsthattheconclusionisbasedonsomedubiousassumptionsandthereasoningisbiasedduetotheinadequacyandpartialityinthenatureofevidenceprovidedtojustifytheconclusion.Acarefulexaminationwouldreviewhowgroundlessthisconclusionis.

（经典）结尾段模板Toconclude,thisargumentisnotpersuasiveasitstands.Accordingly,itisimprudentfortheauthortoclaimthat….Tomakethisargumentlogicallyacceptable,theauthorwouldhavetoshowthat….Inaddition,tosolidifytheconclusion,theauthorshouldprovideconcreteevidenceaswelltodemonstratethat….Onlywithmoreconvincingevidencecouldthisargumentbecomemorethanjustanemotionalappeal.（结尾中复述的理由就copy/paste开头中的理由）

高频理由（按频率由高到低排列）

时序性因果攻击Firstly,theauthorisengagedin‘afterthis,therefore,becauseofthis’reasoning.ThelineofreasoningisthatbecauseAhappenedbeforeB,theformercausedthelatter.However,thisreasoningisfallaciousunlessotherpossiblecausalfactorshavebeenconsideredandruledout.Forexample,perhapsC.Asaresult,anydecisionaimedataddressingtheproblemofBmustbebasedonamorethoroughinvestigationtogatherdatainordertonarrowdownandlocatetheactualcauseofB.

同时性因果攻击Secondly,theauthor’ssolutionrestsontheassumptionthatAisthecauseofBjustbecauseAcoincidedwithB.However,amerepositionalcorrelationdoesnotnecessarilyproveacausalrelationship.Inaddition,allotherprospectivecausesofB,suchasCandD,mustberuledout.WithoutdetailedanalysisoftherealsourceofB,itwouldbegroundlesstoattributeBtoA.

错误类比攻击Additionally,itishighlydoubtfulthatstrategiesdrawnfromAareapplicabletoB.However,differencesbetweenthesetwoclearlyoutweighthesimilarities,thereforemakingtheanalogymuchlessvalid.Forexample,CandDallaffectAbutvirtuallyabsentinB.Accordingly,wecanseethatAandBaresodissimilarthatBisunlikelytoexperiencethesameconsequenceifitadoptsA’sstrategies.

非此即彼攻击Lastbutnotleast,theauthorunfairlyassumesthatareadermustmakeaeither-orchoice.However,theargumentfailstoruleoutpossibilitythatadjustingAandBmightproducebetterresults.Moreover,iftheauthoriswrongintheassumptionthatAandBaretheonlycausesoftheproblem,thusthemosteffectivesolutionmightincludeacomplexofotherfactors—suchasCandD.Inanyevent,theauthorprovidesnojustificationforthemutuallyexclusivechoiceimposedonthereader.

必要性攻击Inthefirstplace,theauthorunfairlyassumesthatBwasdeterminedsolelybyA.WhileAisaseeminglyimportantelementindeterminingB,itishardlytheonlyorevennecessarilyrequiredelement.ThisassumptionoverlooksothercrucialcriteriaindeterminingB—suchasC,D.Withoutaccountingforthesepotentialfactors,theauthorconcludestoohastilythat…isthebestwaytoachievegoals.

充分性攻击Inthesecondplace,theauthor’ssolutionrestsontheassumptionthatAissufficienttogivebirthtothedesiredgoals.However,ifitturnsoutthatBisduetoacombinationoffactors,someofwhichwillremainunchangedinthefuture,suchasCandD,onlyAmighthavenoimpactonB.

选择性样本攻击Athresholdproblemisthattheauthorprovidesnoevidencetoclaimthatthegeneralgroupasawholeisofthesamecharacteristic.Theexamplecited,whilesuggestiveofthistrend,isinsufficienttowarrantthatthesampleisrepresentativeofthewholegroup.Forexample,Iquestionthat…Therefore,suchevidencewouldbeobviouslyunrepresentative.Infact,infaceofsuchlimitedevidence,itisfallaciousfortheauthortodrawanyconclusionatall.

（与“选择性样本攻击”较类似）样本代表性攻击Moreover,apossiblemethodologyproblemintheargumentisthatitisofbias.Theterm‘somany’istoovaguetobestatisticallymeaningful.Itisverypossiblethatworkerswhoweremoreinterestedinthesurveymightbelikelytorespondtothequestionnaire.Lackingintheinformationaboutthenumberofworkerssurveyedandthenumberofrespondents,itisimpossibletoassessthevalidityofthesurvey.Forinstance,if1000workersweresurveyedbutonly10responded,theresultshouldbehighlysuspect.Becausetheauthorfailstoaccountforotherinterpretations,thesurveywouldbeuselessinconcludingthat….

其他理由

忽略他因攻击Thirdly,theauthorhasfocusedonlyonA.Amoredetailedanalysiswouldrevealthatotherfactorsfaroutweighthefactoronwhichtheauthorfocuses.Forexample,C.Lackingamorecomprehensiveanalysisofthecauses,itispresumptuousfortheauthortoclaimthatAsolelydeterminedB.

因果倒置攻击Atlast,itispossiblethattheauthorhasconfusedcausewitheffect.PerhapsAwasaresponsetoB.Sincetheauthorfailstoaccountforthispossibility,theclaimthat…iscompletelyunwarranted.

样本数量攻击Anotherproblemthatseriouslyweakensthelogicofthisargumentisthatthesurveycitedisbasedontoosmallasampletobereliable.Offeredinsupportoftheargument,theonlyevidenceisthat….Unlessitcanbeshownthatthesampleistypicalofallgeneralgroup,thefactthat…isgroundlesstoclaimthat…

Loadedquestion和诚实性攻击What’smore,themethodologyofthesurveyisproblematicfortworeasons.Foronething,wearenotinformedwhetherthesurveyprovidedonly3alternatives.Ifitdid,therespondents,whomightverywellpreferanotherchoicenotprovidedinthesurvey,mightbeforcedtogiveuptheirpreferences.Foranotherthing,wearenotinformedwhetherthesurveyresponseswereanonymousorconfidential.Therespondentsmightsupplyresponsesfavoredbytheirsuperiorswhomightconductthesurvey.Botheventswouldleadthissurveyunreliable,letalonedrawtheconclusionthat…

样本时效性攻击Lastbutnotleast,anotherflawthatsignificantlyunderminesthisargumentisthattheauthorneglectstoindicatehowrecentlythesurveywasactuallyconducted.Whenusedtogenerallyclaimaparticulargroup,thesamplesshouldbecloseenoughtosupportthegeneralization,inordertopreventhistoricalchangesfrominvalidatingthegeneralization.Allweknowisthatthesurveyisrecentlypublished.Thelessrecentthesurveyitself,thelessreliabletheresultstodemonstratethat…

差异概念攻击Tobeginwith,wemustestablishthemeaningofthevagueconceptA.IfthetermweresynonymouswithB,theevidencecitedwouldstronglysupporttheargument.However,AmaybedefinedinothertermssuchasCandD.Accordingly,theauthorhasdrawntheconclusiontoohastilyduetotheignoranceofotherdefinitionsofA.

范围内推攻击What’smore,themostegregiousreasoningerrorinthisargumentisthattheauthorusesevidencepertainingtoageneralgrouponthebasisofaparticularB.Evenifthereasoningmaybesoundingeneralsense,theparticularsituationinwhichBisinvolvedmaynotberepresentativeoftheentiregeneralgroup.Itispossiblethat...Ifthisisthecase,theclaimthat…isillfounded.

不随时变攻击Moreover,theauthorunfairlyassumesthatAwillremainunchangedoverthenextdecades.However,amererecentone-yearAisinsufficienttoclaimthat.Statisticsfromsuchlimitedanecdotalevidenceisnotagoodindicatorforthistrend.Inaddition,itispossiblethatinthefuture,thistrendwouldgreatlyfluctuateorevenreverse,thentheadoptionoftheauthor’sproposalmightgivebirthtoB,however,itmightalsohaveanegativeimpactonC1and,inturns,C2.Admittedly,thisargumentwouldbeevenweakerandweakereachdayastimegoesby