考博英语254.docx

考博英语254.docx

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考博英语254

考博英语-254

（总分：

100.00，做题时间：

90分钟）

一、PartⅠListeningComprehension（总题数：

0，分数：

0.00）

二、PartⅡReadingComprehension（总题数：

0，分数：

0.00）

三、Passage1（总题数：

1，分数：

4.00）

When,intheageofautomation,mansearchesforaworkertodothetedious,unpleasantjobsthatareimpossibletomechanize,hemayveryprofitablyconsidertheape.

Ifwetackledtheproblemofbreedingforbrainswithasmuchasenthusiasmaswedevotetobreedingdogsofsurrealisticshapes,wecouldeventuallyproduceassortedmodelsofusefulprimates,ranginginsizefromthegorilladowntothebaboon,eachadaptedtoaspecialkindofwork.Itisnotputtingtoomuchstrainontheimaginationtoassumethatgeneticistscouldproduceasuper-ape,abletounderstandsomescoresofwords,andcapableofbeingtrainedforsuchjobsaspickingfruit,cleaningupthelitterinparks,shiningshoes,collectinggarbage,doinghouseholdchores,andevenbaby-sitting（thoughIhaveknownsomebabiesIwouldnotcaretotrustwithavaluableape）.

Apescoulddomanyjobs,suchascleaningstreetsandthemorerepetitivetypesofagriculturalwork,withoutsupervision,thoughtheymightneedprotectionfromthoseexceptionalspecimensofHomosapienswhothinkitamusingtoteaseorbullyanythingtheyconsiderlowerontheevolutionaryladder.Forothertasks,suchasdeliveringpapersandlaboringonthedocks,ourman-apewouldhavetoworkunderhumanoverseers;and,incidentally,Iwouldlovetoseethefinaleofthetwenty-firstcenturyversionoftheWaterfrontinwhichthehonestbuthairyherowilldrumonhischestafter—literallytakingthewickedlaborleaderapart.

Onceasupplyofnonhumanworkersbecomesavailable,awholerangeoflowIQjobscouldbethankfullyrelinquishedbymankind,toitsgreatmentalandphysicaladvantage.Whatismore,oneoftheproblemswhichhasplaguedsomanyfictionalUtopiaswouldbeavoided:

TherewouldbenoneofthederidinglysubhumanEpsilonsofHuxley'sBraveNewWorldtoactasapermanentreproachtosociety,forthereisaprofoundmoraldifferencebetweenbreedingsub-menandsuper-apes,thoughtheendproductsaremuchthesame.Thefirstwouldintroduceaformofslavery,thesecondwouldbeabiologicaltriumphwhichcouldbenefitbothmenandanimals.

（分数：

4.00）

（1）.Intheauthor'sopinion,theideathatgeneticistscouldproduceasuper-apeis______.（分数：

1.00）

 A.irrational

 B.plausible √

 C.biologicallyimpossible

 D.demonstrablytrue

解析：

[解析]从文中的“...wecouldeventuallyproduce...somescoresofwords,”“Onceasupplyofnonhumanworkersbecomesavailable,...”可知，培育超级猿人似乎可能。

因此B项符合题意。

其他三项都不正确。

（2）.Thetypeofjobanapecoulddowithoutsupervisionwouldbeonewhichis______.（分数：

1.00）

 A.repetitive √

 B.mechanized

 C.unusual

 D.intricate

解析：

[解析]本题中，B、C、D三项都与文章的意思不符。

从文中第三段的第一句话“Apescoulddomanyjobs,suchascleaningstreetsandthemorerepetitivetypesofagriculturalwork,withoutsupervision'’可知，A项“repetitive重复的”符合文意。

（3）.AproblemthathasplaguedsomefictionalUtopiasis______.（分数：

1.00）

 A.creationofsuper-apes

 B.thenecessityofbreedingsuper-humans

 C.thenecessityofbreedingsubhuman √

 D.thedegradationofbeasts

解析：

[解析]从文章的最后一句话“Thefirstwouldintroduceaformofslavery,thesecondwouldbeabiologicaltriumphwhichcouldbenefitbothmenandanimals.”可知，C项“培养低级人类的需要”符合文意。

其他三项“A创造超级类人猿；B培养超人的需要；D减低兽性”都不正确。

（4）.Theauthorofthisarticleis______.（分数：

1.00）

 A.revealinghislowopinionofmankind

 B.pokingfunatgeneticists

 C.expressinghisdoubtsaboutthepossibilityofbreedingasuper-ape

 D.presentingareasonabletheoryinahumoroustone √

解析：

[解析]综观全文，D项“用诙谐的语调阐述一个可能的理论”与原文意思最近。

其他三项“A揭露人类低级想法；B与遗传学者开玩笑；C表述作者对于培育超类人猿的怀疑态度”均不正确。

四、Passage2（总题数：

1，分数：

4.00）

Asoneworkswithcolorinapracticalorexperimentalway,oneisimpressedbytwoapparentlyunrelatedfacts.Colorasseenisamobilechangeablethingdependingtoalargeextentontherelationshipofthecolortoothercolorsseensimultaneously.Itisnotfixedinitsrelationtothedirectstimuluswhichcreatesit.Ontheotherhand,thepropertiesofsurfacesthatgiverisetocolordonotseemtochangegreatlyunderawidevarietyofilluminationcolors,usually（butnotalways）lookingmuchthesameinartificiallightasindaylight.Bothoftheseeffectsseemtobedueinlargeparttothemechanismofcoloradaptationmentionedearlier.

Whentheeyeisfixedonacoloredarea,thereisanimmediatereadjustmentofthesensitivityoftheeyetocolorinandaroundtheareaviewed.Thisreadjustmentdoesnotimmediatelyaffectthecolorseenbutusuallydoesaffectthenextareatowhichthegazeisshifted.Thelongerthetimeofviewing,thehighertheintensity,andthelargerthearea,thegreatertheeffectwillbeintermsofitspersistenceinthesucceedingviewingsituation.AsindicatedbytheworkofWrightandShouted,itappearsthat,atleastforafirstapproximation,fulladaptationtakesplaceoveraverybrieftimeiftheadaptingsourceismoderatelybrightandtheeyehasbeeninrelativedarknessjustpreviously.Asthestimulusisallowedtoact,however,theeffectbecomesmorepersistentinthesensethatittakestheeyelongertoregainitssensitivitytolowerintensities.Thenetresultisthat,iftheeyeissoexposedandthenthegazeistransferredtoanareaoflowerintensity,thelossofsensitivityproducedbythefirstareawillstillbepresentandappearasan"afterimage"superimposedonthesecond.Theeffectnotonlyispresentovertheactualareacausingthe"localadaptation"butalsospreadswithdecreasingstrengthtoadjoiningareasoftheeyetoproduce"lateraladaptation."Also,becauseofthepersistenceoftheeffectiftheeyeisshiftedaroundfromoneobjecttoanother,allofwhichareatsimilarbrightnessorhavesimilarcolors,theadaptationwilltendtobecomeuniformoverthewholeeye.

（分数：

4.00）

（1）.Thisselectionisprimarilyconcernedwith______.（分数：

1.00）

 A.theeye'sadaptationtocolor √

 B.thepropertiesofcoloredsurfaces

 C.thecolorofcolors

 D.theeffectofchangesincolorintensity

解析：

[解析]从文中的“Bothoftheseeffectsseemtobedueinlargeparttothemechanismofcoloradaptationmentionedearlier.”可知，A项“眼睛对色彩的适应性”符合文意。

其他三项“B道具表面颜色；C色彩本身；D颜色突然转换的影响”都不正确。

（2）.Whetheracoloredobjectwould,ontwoviewingsseparatedintime,appeartotheviewerassimilarordifferentincolorwoulddependmostlyon______.（分数：

1.00）

 A.thecolormechanismoftheeyeinuseatthetimeofeachviewing

 B.whethertheobjectwasseeninartificialornaturallight

 C.whatkindofviewinghadimmediatelyprecededeachoftheviewings √

 D.theindividual'spoweroflateraladaptation

解析：

[解析]从文中的第二段的第三句话“Thelongerthetimeofviewing,thehighertheintensity,andthelargerthearea,thegreatertheeffectwillbeintermsofitspersistenceinthesucceedingviewingsituation.”可知，C项“转移视线前所见景物”符合文意。

其他三项“A眼睛的视觉机能；B是在自然光下还是在灯光下；D个人适应能力”都不正确。

（3）.Ifaperson'seyehasbeenlookingatanobjectinbrightsunlightforsometime,andthenshiftstoanobjectnotwelllit,wecanexpect______.（分数：

1.00）

 A.atimelaginthefocusingabilityoftheeye

 B.someinabilitytoseecolorsofthelatter-namedobjectsuntillossofsensitivityhasbeenregained. √

 C.theimmediatelossofthe"afterimage"ofthefirstobject

 D.theadaptationinthecentralareaoftheeyebutlittleadaptationinthelateralareastothenewintensitylevel.

解析：

[解析]本题中，A、C、D三项在文中未被提及。

从最后一段可知，B项“直到失去的感觉恢复后才能看见东西”符合文意。

因此B项为正确答案。

（4）.Thepresentselectionhasapparentlybeenprecededbysomeexplanationof______.（分数：

1.00）

 A.someexperimentswithcolorpigments

 B.thenatureofcolor

 C.thecolorpropertiesofvarioussurfaces

 D.themechanismoftheeye'sadaptationtocolor √

解析：

[解析]本题中，A、B、C三项都与文章的意思不符。

从文中可知，D项“眼睛的颜色适应能力”符合文意。

因此D项为正确答案。

五、Passage3（总题数：

1，分数：

4.00）

TheGreek'sloftyattitudetowardscientificresearch—andthescientists'contemptofutility—wasalongtimedying.ForamillenniumafterArchimedes,thisseparationofmechanicsfromgeometryinhibitedfundamentaltechnologicalprogressandinsomeareasrepresseditaltogether.Buttherewasastillgreaterobstacletochangeuntiltheveryendofthemiddleages:

theorganizationofsociety.ThesocialsystemoffixedclassrelationshipsthatprevailedthroughtheMiddleAges（andinsomeareasmuchlonger）itselfhamperedimprovement.Underthissystem,thelaboringmasses,inexchangeforthebarenecessitiesoflife,didalltheproductivework,whiletheprivilegedfew—priests,nobles,andkings—concernedthemselvesonlywithownershipandmaintenanceoftheirownposition.Intheinterestoftheirprivilegestheydidachieveconsiderableprogressindefense,inwarmaking,ingovernment,intraderintheartsofleisure,andintheextractionoflaborfromtheirdependents,buttheyhadnofamiliaritywiththeprocessofproduction.Ontheotherhand,thelaborers,whowerefamiliarwithmanufacturingtechniques,hadnoincentivetoimproveorincreaseproductiontotheadvantageoftheirmasters.Thus,withoneclasspossessingtherequisiteknowledgeandexperience,butlackingincentiveandleisure,andtheotherclasslackingtheknowledgeandexperience,therewasnomeansbywhichtechnicalprogresscouldbeachieved.

Thewholeancientworldwasbuiltuponthisrelationship—arelationshipassterileasitwasinhuman.Theavailabilityofslavesnullifiedtheneedformoreefficientmachinery.Inmanyoftheconmonplacefieldsofhumanendeavor,actualstagnationprevailedforthousandsofyears.NotalltheglorythatwasGreeceandthegrandeurthatwasRomecoulddevelopthewindmillorcontrivesosimpleaninstrumentasthewheelbarrow—productsofthetenthandthirteenthcenturiesrespectively.

Forabouttwenty-fivecen