广东污染预防小组关于环境污染现状报告.docx

广东污染预防小组关于环境污染现状报告.docx

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广东污染预防小组关于环境污染现状报告

Guangzhou/GuangdongEnvironmentalStatusReportfromtheWorkingGrouponPollutionPrevention

1994-09-22

　　DisclaimerThisreportcontainspreliminaryfindingsonthebasisofinformationobtainedfromreportspreparedbytheChineseexpertsfromtheWGonPollutionControlontheenvironmentinGuangzhou,andfromdiscussionswithChineseexpertsfromGuangzhouCity,ChongqingCity,GuangdongProvince,SouthChinaInstituteofEnvironmentalProtectionandGuangzhouResearchInstituteofEnvironmentalProtection.RemainingquestionsoftheexpertsoftheNetherlandsarewritteninthetextbetweensquarebrackets.

　　1.INTRODUCTION

　　Undertheumbrellaofthe"ChinaCouncilforInternationalCooperationonEnvironmentandDevelopment"theWorkingGrouponPollutionControlisdevelopingapolicyplanforthemajorurbanandindustrialareasofthePeoplesRepublicofChina.ThefirstyearsoftheWorkingGroups5yearactionplanpriorityisgiventothecollectionandassessmentofthenecessaryinformatione.g.bydescribingtheStateoftheEnvironmentofkeyregionswithinChinasrepiddevelopingindustrialareas.Akeyregionshouldcompriseof:

oneormorelargercities,（partof）ariver-basin,oneormoreindustrialisedareasincombination（ifapplicable）withalargeagriculturalsupplyregion.TheStateoftheEnvironmentshouldbeassessedbasedonexistingandtobecollecteddata.AfterdiscussionwiththerelevantChineseauthoritiesitwasdecidedbytheWorkingGrouptoselectasitsfirststudyareas（inorderofpriority）:

　　*theProvinceofGuangdongwiththeCityofGuangzhouasfocalpoint

　　*theareaaroundtheconfluenceoftheYangtzeandJialingriverswiththeCityofChongqingasitsfocalpoint

　　*theareaaroundtheCityofShenyang

　　InordertoassessthereasibilitytoassembletheinformationnecessarytowriteaStateoftheEnvironmentReportinChina,anExpertTeamfromtheNationalInstituteofPublieHealthandEnvironmentalProtectionconductedfromMay17-23,1994apilotstudyinGuangzhou（anditssurroundings）.

　　Thisreportrepresentstheresultsofthefirstphaseofthispilotstudy.ThefullpilotstudywillbecompletedbeforetheCouncelMeetingin1995.

　　1.1BackgroundInformation

　　Morethan22%oftheworldpopulationlivesinChina.AlthoughtheaverageGDPpercapita（about350/capitain1992pricesandexchangerates）isstilllowerthantheworldaverage,Chinahasafastgrowingeconomywithagrowthrateof10%perannunormore,fromthebeginningofeconomicreformin1978onwards.EspeciallyinSouthenChinafurtherboominproductionisexpectedinthenearfuture.Chinawith22%oftheworldpopulationusesabout10%oftheenergyusedbythewholeworld.Theenergyusepercapitsisthusstilllow:

intheNetherlandstheuseofenergypercapitais10timeshigher.Energyusecouldincreaseby3-4%peryear.Inordertoavoidharmfulimpactcausedbytheincreaseoftheamountofenergyuasageandpollutantdischargeonthelocalandevenonthewholeglobalenvironment,Chinashouldtakeeffectivemeasurestocontrolpollution.ThedevelopedcountriesshouldofferassistanceintechnoloyandfinanceinordertokeeppollutantdischargetoareasonablelevelunderthesituationofrapideconomicgrowthinChina.TheenergyresourcesinChina（114bntonsofcoalandmorethan1.1trillionm3ofgasaccordingto1992WorldEnergyCouncildata）donotseemtobealimitingfactorfortheprojectedgrowthinthenextdecades.ChinahasratifiedtheUNFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeandiswillingtohelppreventglobalwarming"providedthatfinancialandtechnicalassistanceismadeavailable"（WorldResourceInstitute,WorldResources1994-95）.

　　Localairandwaterpollutionandthedisposalof（hazardous）industrialanddomesticwasteareamongthemosturgentenvironmentalproblems,althoughdepletion（andpollution）ofwaterresourcesanddegradationofcroplandduetointensivefarmingaregrowingproblems,whicharealreadyvisibleinsomeregions.Thechallengeforthefuturewillbetocombinetheurbanizationandindustrializationprocesswithasustainableuseofbothsoilandwaterresources.Thiscouldrequirechangesinagriculturalpracticesinordertomaintainthesoilproductivityinthelongrunandtoreducethelossesofnutrientsandpesticidestogroundwaterresources.Suchchangescouldhoweverleadtoloweryieldsintheshortrun.Thechallengewillbecomeevenbiggerwhentheuseofrenewableenergysources（biomassandhydropower）willincreaseasistobeexpected.Photochemicalsmogmaybecomeanewprobleminurbanareas,asNOxandHC（hydrocarbons）emissionswillrisesharplyduetothegrowingnumberofvehicles.Emissionstandardsforvehiclesregularcarinspectionsandintegrationofanefficientpublictransportsysteminthedesignofnewtownsandsuburbswouldbeimportanameanstopreventthisproblem.Theirreversiblelossofforests,coastalwetlandsandwildlifehabitat,togetherwithacidificationdamagetocropsandsensitiveecosystemscouldgetmorepriorityinthefuturewhenincomelevelsbecomehigher.

　　Intheperiod1991-19950.85%ofprojectedGDPwillbespendonenvironmentalprotection.Intheperiod1986-1990thiswas0.67%.AccordingtotheWorldBankatleast1.5%ofGDPwillberequiredjusttostabilizethecurrentenvironmentaldegradation.Becauseofthisrestrictedfinancialleeway,prioritysettingonthebasisofancomprehensiveapproach,suchasthecomparativeriskanalysis,couldbeanimportanaelementinenvironmentalplanninginChina.

　　2.DEMOGRAPHICANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS

　　GuangdongProvinceinSouthernChinacoversabout2%ofthetotalChinesearea,butcontainsmorethan5%oftheChinesepopulationandalmost［20%］ofitsGDP.Guandzhouis,withmorethan6Minhabitants,themaincityofGuangdong.AfterBeijingandShanghai,GuangzhouisthelargesteconomicpowerinChina.GuangdongisoneofthefastestgrowingeconomiesinS.E.Asia.ItsmaincityGuangzhouisexpectedtobecomeaninternationalmegalopolisinthenextdecade,withmore8.3MpeoplelivinginthegreaterGuangzhouareain2005.Atthismoment,still71%oftheareaofGuangzhouconsistsofagriculturalland.Itisexpectedthaturbanandindustrialareawillbemorethandoubledinthenextdecade.TheruralareasaroundGuangzhoucityareurbanizedandindustrializedatamuchhigherspeedthanwasplannedintheoriginal15-yearModernizationProgrammeof1984.Atthattimeindustrialproductioninthisareawasexpectedtogrowfrom15bnyuanin1985to45bnyuanin2000（in1990-prices）.In1993theindustrialproductionalreadyappearedtobemorethantwotimehigherthantheprojectionfor2000!

Intheperiod1991-1993GDPgrewwithabout20%peryear,surpassingthetargetof12%inthelongtermplan.InGuangzhouGDPpercapitawas11,490yuan,morethan2.5timeshigherthanthenationalaverage.

　　InGuangzhouheavyindustry（petrochemicalindustry,cement,ironandsteel）isstillthefastestgrowingsector.Industryisgraduallybeingmovedtosatellitezones.GurrentlyanewLongTermPlanispreparedbythemunicipalplanningdepartmentthatsetsnewtargetsforpopulationgrowthandeconomicgrowthuptotheyear2005.Thisnewlongtermplanisnowintheprocessofapprovalbytheprovincialandnationalplanningcouncils.Theplancontainsanaverageannualgrowthofindustrialproductionofabout12%from1990on,whichwillmorethantripethecurrent（1993/94）productionlevel.Energyuseisexpectedtoincreaseby8%peryearandwaterusebyabout10%peryear.

　　Industrialproductiongrowthratesreachedrecordheightsinthepastdecade.IncontrasttootherregionsinChinalargegovernmentownedpetrochemical,steelandpowerplantscontributeconsiderablytothegovernmentincomes.Only20%offirmsinGuangzhouneedsubsidy.Thesearemainlytheoldermediumsizedtextile,bicycleandmachineryfactories.Theaveragelabour-productivityinindustryincreasedbymorethan30%inthelast3year.Industrynowemploysmorethan2Mpeople.

　　Thelargestgrowthoccursinthedesignated"freeeconomiczones"withhelpoflargeamountsofforeigninvestments.Especiallycleanermanufacturingindustries,suchaseletronicandpharmaceuticalindustriesareexpectedtogrowfastinthisregions.Insomecasesolderplantsareclosedintheinnercity,whilemodernizedandcleanerplantsarebuiltinsuburbanareas.

　　Allnewplantsandextensionsofexistionplantsrequireanenvironmentalassessmentreport.Minimumpollutionrequirementsaresetbythenationalgovernment,butthelocalauthoritiesmayapplystricterstandardsdependingontheeconomicandenvironmentalsituation.InGuangzhoufornewplants"1980"andsometimes"1990"bestavailabletechnologyisrequested,whichisonaverage40-50%moreefficientandcleanerthanthetechnologiesappliedinmostexistingplants（with"1960"oreven"1940"technology）.Atthismomentabout50%oftheindustriesoperatewith"old"technology.Largeplantsareplannedtobemodernizedandnovedtosuburbanareas.ExcellentexamplesofthesemodernfacilitieswithefficientpollutionreductiontechologieshavebeendemonstratedduringthevisitoftheExpertTeamtoGuangzhouCity.

　　ThehighpopulationdensityandrapideconomicgrowthgiveGuangdongcharacteristicsthatarecomparabletoTaiwanandSingaporeinthe1970s.ItwouldprobablybeoneoftheregionswithinChinawhereenvironmentalconcernswillleadtopleasforastricterenvironmentalpolicyatthenationallevel（seeTable2.1）.InGuangzhouforseveralsubstancesemissionreductiontargetsof75%havebeenformulatedi