yellowstone.docx

yellowstone.docx

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yellowstone

Instruction简介

Yellowstone黄石国家

AmongnationalparksYellowstoneisfirstinmayways.Itisthefirstnationalparkintheworld,establishedonMarch1,1872,theexampleonwhichparkseverywherearemodeled.Itisthelargestparkinthelower48states,largerthanthestatesofDelawareandRhodeIslandcombined,about60mileslongandwide.IthassomeofthemostfamousfeaturesinanyofAmerica'snationalparks;itsdiversityofattractionsisamatchforanylocationontheplanet.Itislocatedin3states--Wyoming,Montana,andIdaho--andencompasses2,221,766mostlyundevelopedacres（3467squaremiles）,thesizeofthestatesofRhodeIslandandDelawarecombined.Yellowstoneisbestknown,andoriginallycametoprominence,foritsover10,000hydrothermalfeatures,includinghotspringsandpools,mudpots,andspectaculargeysers,suchasOldFaithful.Fueledbysourcesofheatveryclosetothesurface,Yellowstoneprovidesviewsoffeatureswhicharethemostplentiful,spectacular,andinterestingintheworld.Afeastforthetourist,manyofthemostfamousandinterestingfeaturesintheparkareeasilyaccessiblefromthepark's300milesofroads.

OthergeophysicalfeaturesarealsocharacteristicofYellowstoneNationalPark.Initsmountainoussetting,itsitsastridetheContinentalDivide,andsothe20-40"ofprecipitationwhichfallsannuallywithintheconfinesoftheparkmayendupintheAtlanticandPacificOceans.

Forpotentialvisitors,ParkVisionrecommends"StoryBehindtheScenery"guidesand"TrailsIllustrated"maps.

Yellowstoneincludesseveralmountainranges,anenormousbodyofwater（YellowstoneLake）,andanumberofriversandstreams.TheGrandCanyonoftheYellowstoneisoneofthemostmagnificentcanyonsintheUnitedStates.

Theparkalsoincludesseveralmountainrangesandalargenumberofhighpeaks,suchasBunsenPeak,theremainsofavolcanicventpluggedwithmagmaandexposedbyerosion,whichreachesanelevationof8564feet.

Especiallymemorableistheplethoraofwildlifeinthepark.Thisincludesfreelyroamingandeasilyvisibleherdsofbuffalo,herdsofelk,grizzlyandblackbears,moose,andmanyotheranimals.ItisoneofthefinestplacestoviewwildlifeinallofNorthAmerica.

MostofYellowstoneNationalParkisundeveloped.Thereisagreatdealofbackcountryinthepark,awayfromthefamousfeaturespopularwithtourists.Therearemorethan1000milesofbackcountrytrailsinthepark.

Yellowstoneisoneofthemostpopularofthenationalparks,particularlyinthewesternpartofthecountry.Nearlythreemillionpeoplevisittheparkeachyear,andover60millionhavevisiteditsince1872.Thisisanespeciallylargenumbergivenitsrelativelyremotelocation,locatedfarawayfromanymajorpopulationcenters.Inadditiontothenaturalwonders,theparkprovidesthemostelaboratesetofmuseumsandvisitorscentersavailableinanynationalpark.

AmongthelegaciesofYellowstoneNationalParkistheveryideaofthenationalpark,nowvastlyexpandedintheUnitedStatesandcopiedbymanynationsaroundtheworld.YellowstonehasbeennamedaUNESCOWorldHeritageSiteandisanU.N.BiosphereReserve,thefirstsuchdesignatedintheUnitedStates.

ParkHistory

GeologicalHistorytheYellowstonearealiesaboveoneoftheearth's"hotspots"wherethecrustisextraordinarilythin,whichisthereasonforthewidevarietyofhydrothermalfeaturescurrentlyfoundthere.Thisthincrustprecipitatedtwogreatvolcaniceruptionsinancienttimes--TheHuckleberryRidgeCalderaEvent2millionyearsagoandtheMesaFallsCalderaEvent1.3millionyearsago.

ThemostsignificanteventinYellowstonehistorywasthemassiveeruptionofthegreatvolcanoinYellowstonesome600,000yearsago,deemedtheYellowstoneCalderaEvent.Thecentralportionoftheparkexploded,andtheresultingcollapseofthevolcanocreatedacaldera28by47milesacross,oneofthelargestintheworld.Thiseruptionejected600cubicmilesofmaterialincludingash,andhotgasses.Theeruptionejected10,000timesthevolumeofmaterialejectedbytheMt.St.Helen'seruption,andtheeruptionwas140timesaspowerfulasthefamous1883Krakatoaeruption.Itwasgreaterthananyeruptioninhistorictimes,andinfactalteredweatheraroundtheworld.

Thecraterresultingfromthegreateruptionisstillasignificanttopographicalfeatureofthepark,althoughitsexistenceisnotobvioustoallvisitors.Thecraterissomewhathiddenbecauselavafromtheeruptionfilledsomeofthecrater,andotherportionswerealteredthrougherosionandglaciation.YellowstoneLakealsofillsthesouthwesternportionofthecrater.

HumanHistoryEvidenceindicatesthatStoneAgehuntersroamedtheYellowstoneareaaslongagoas10000B.C.followingbiggame.Nativepeoplesusedobsidianfoundintheparkfortools8800yearsago.TheareawasconsistentlyusedbyNativeAmericansthroughtheages.AtthetimeEuropeansbecameawareofthearea,theparkwasusedbyseveralIndianpeoples,althoughtheonlyfulltimeresidentsoftheparkweretheSheepeaters,asubgroupoftheShoshonepeoplenamedbecausetheyhuntedmountainsheep.Yearroundhabitationoftheparkareawas,andis,difficult,astheYellowstonewinterweatherisquitechallenging.NorthernShoshoneandBannockpeoplesenteredtheparkintheautumnseasonforhuntingpurposes,mainlyfollowingbuffalo,whilethecrowcouldbefoundtotheeastoftheparkandBlackfoottothenorth.Evidenceindicatesthatneitherprehistoricnormoremodernnativeinhabitantsoftheareafearedthehotspringsandgeysers,asmightbesuspected.

ThefirstwhitemantovisittheYellowstoneareawasprobablyexplorerJohnCoulterintheautumnof1807orthewinterof1808,whohadaccompaniedtheLewis&ClarkExpeditionandreturnedbackintothewildernesswithsometrappersneartheendoftheexpedition.ItislikelythatCoultervisitedtheYellowstonearea,buthisactualrouteissubjecttoconjecture.HemayhaveseenboilingspringsintheCody,Wyomingarearatherthanwithinthecontemporarybordersoftheparkitself,butnobodyknowsforsure.IntheyearsafterCoulter'svisit,theYellowstoneareawasfurtherexploredbyfurtrappersandmountainmenforthenext60years.TheseincludedmensuchasJimBridger,OsborneRussell,JoeMeek,WarrenAngusFerris,andDanielPotts.ThefamousJimBridgertoldtalesofmountainsofglass,petrifiedforests,andrivershotenoughtocookfish.

Inthe1830'sJosephMeekwasseparatedfromthispartyandwanderedthroughYellowstone'sthermalbasins.Theareawasalsovisitedin1824byAlexanderRossortheHudsonBayCompany.Thefirst"hardevidence"ofawhitemanenteringthecurrentparkareawasforDanielPotts,whovisitedtheshoreofYellowstoneLakein1827.Inallprobability,trappersprobablyvisitedtheYellowstonePlateaueveryyearfrom1826on.However,despiteexplorationbytrappers,mountainmen,andothers,theYellowstoneareawasnotactuallymappeduntilaftertheCivilWar.TheearlyFrenchtrappersgavethenametothearea,adoptingIndianterms,whichmeantYellowRockorYellowStone.

Inthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyexplorationandvisitationbegantoincrease.In1863WalterW.DeLaceyled27prospectorsthroughtheparkarea,discoveringShoshoneLakeduringtheirjourney.In1869JesuitpriestFr.KuppensvisitedYellowstoneinthecompanyofsomeBlackfeetIndians.In1869theCharlesW.Cook-DavidE.Folsom-WilliamPetersonExpeditionexploredtheparkarea.Thethreemenwereciviliancitizens,althoughFolsomhadsomesurveyingexperience.AmongotheraccomplishmentstheymeasuredtheheightofboththeUpperandLowerYellowstoneFalls.

ThethreemenalsosupposedlydiscussedtheideaofpreservingtheYellowstonearea,beingamongthefirsttodiscussthisidea.TheexperiencewasalsopublicizedinWesternMonthlyMagazineinJulyof1870,generatinginterestedandawareness.

TheexpeditionalsowasresponsibleforanimprovementinmapsoftheYellowstonearea.

In1870GeneralHenryD.Washburnledanexpeditionof19personswhichalsoincludedNathanielP.Longford,CorneliusHedgesandTrumanEverts,withamilitaryescortledbyLt.GustavusC.Doane,tothepark.Thisexpeditionwasinspiredinpartbyaccountsofthepreviousyear'sFolsomexpedition,andtheyfollowedtheFolsomroutethroughtheparkarea.

Thispartywasresponsiblefornamingonumberofthefeaturesinwhatwouldbecomethepark,includingTowerFallsandtheMudVolcano.

AsketchofTowerFallsbyPrivateCharlesMoorewasthefirsteverpictorialrepresentationofaYellowstonefeature.Followingtheirjourney,membersoftheexpedition,includingLongford,deliveredlectureontheirexperiencesandgeneratedinterestinthearea

ItisbelievedthatwhilecampedattheconfluenceofGibbonandFireholeRiversamemberoftheWashburneExpedition,CorneliusHedges,voicedtheideaofpreservingtheYellowstoneareaasanationalpark,oneofthefirsttoadvancetheidea.

Longfordalsoclaimedtohaveadvancedtheideaofpreservingtheareaasapark.InspiredbyalecturebyLongford,FerdinandHaydenledanexpeditiontotheparkbytheU.S.GeologicalSurveyin1871.

Theexpeditionincludedvarioustypesofscientists,includingbotanists,geologists,andzoologists.Thesurveybroughtbackincontrovertibleevidenceofhydrothermalfeatures.AmongthemembersofthispartweretheartistThomasMoranandphotographerWilliamHenryJackson.

Followingtheexpedition,publicationoftheirworksdepictingthewondersofYellowstonebroughtagreatdealoffameandattentiontothearea.Hayden,infact,provided