英文小说从要素分析.docx

英文小说从要素分析.docx

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英文小说从要素分析

ElementsofFiction-ABriefIntroduction

A.PrimaryElements:

Plot,Character,Theme,PointsofView,Symbol,Setting

B.SecondaryElements:

Imagery,Irony,Style&Tone,Exposition

1.Plot-thesequenceofeventsorincidentsofwhichthestoryiscomposed/thearrangementofeventsthatmakeupastory/thecompletepatternordesignofthework.

A.Conflictisaclashofactions,ideas,desiresorwills.

a.Personagainstperson.

b.Personagainstenvironment-externalforce,physicalnature,society,or"fate."

c.Personagainstherself/himself-conflictwithsomeelementinher/hisownnature;maybephysical,mental,emotional,ormoral.

d.PersonagainstGod-Greekmythology.

B.ArtisticUnity-essentialtoagoodplot;nothingirrelevantthatdoesnotcontributetothetotalmeaning;nothingthatisthereonlyforitsownsakeoritsownexcitement.

C.PlotManipulationandFabulation-agoodplotshouldnothaveanyunjustifiedorunexpectedturnsortwists,nofalseleads,andnodeliberateandmisleadinginformation;fabulationistheintroductionofthefabulousorunrealisticorgothicelementsinanotherwiserealisticsetting.

D.StoryEnding:

InaHappyEndingthestereotypicalexpectationisthattheprotagonistmustsolvealltheproblems,defeatthevillain,winthegirl,andlivehappilyeverafter.Unfortunately,manyreallifesituationshaveunhappyendings;forthewritersofseriousfiction,theunhappyendingsaremorelikelytoraisesignificantissuesconcerninglifeandliving.

E.TypesofPlot:

a.Tragedy（noble）

b.Comedy（lessgreat/noble）

c.Romance（lessgreat/noble）

d.Satire（usedtoteachlessonorpresentapointofview

F.UseofPlot:

a.Thestructureofitsactions

b.Order:

1st,2nd,3rd…

c.Tocreate（Theauthorusesactionsasapainterusespaintstocreate）

d.Toachieveparticularwordstocreatecertaineffect

2.Character

A.DirectPresentation-authortellsusstraightout,byexpositionoranalysis,orthroughanothercharacter.

B.IndirectPresentation-authorshowsusthecharacterinaction;thereaderinferswhatacharacterislikefromwhatshe/hethinks,orsays,ordoes.Thesearealsocalleddramatizedcharactersandtheyaregenerallyconsistent（inbehavior）,motivated（convincing）,andplausible（lifelike）.

C.CharacterTypes-aFlatcharacterisknownbyoneortwotraits;aRoundcharacteriscomplexandmany-sided;aStockcharacterisastereotypedcharacter（amadscientist,theabsent-mindedprofessor,thecruelmother-in-law）;aStaticcharacterremainsthesamefromthebeginningoftheplottotheend;andaDynamic（developing）characterundergoespermanentchange.Thischangemustbea.withinthepossibilitiesofthecharacter;b.sufficientlymotivated;andc.allowedsufficienttimeforchange.

D.ProtagonistandAntagonist-theprotagonististhecentralcharacter,sympatheticorunsympathetic.Theforcesworkingagainsther/him,whetherpersons,things,conventionsofsociety,ortraitsoftheirowncharacter,aretheantagonists.

3.Theme-thecontrollingideaorcentralinsight.Itcanbe1.arevelationofhumancharacter;2.maybestatedbrieflyoratgreatlength;and3.athemeisnotthe"moral"ofthestory.

A.Athememustbeexpressibleintheformofastatement-not"motherhood"but"Motherhoodsometimeshasmorefrustrationthanreward."

B.Athememustbestatedasageneralizationaboutlife;namesofcharactersorspecificsituationsintheplotarenottobeusedwhenstatingatheme.

C.Athememustnotbeageneralizationlargerthanisjustifiedbythetermsofthestory.

D.Athemeisthecentralandunifyingconceptofthestory.Itmustadheretothefollowingrequirements:

1.Itmustaccountforallthemajordetailsofthestory.

2.Itmustnotbecontradictedbyanydetailofthestory.

3.Itmustnotrelyonsupposedfacts-factsnotactuallystatedorclearlyimpliedbythestory.

E.Thereisnoonewayofstatingthethemeofastory.

F.Anystatementthatreducesathemetosomefamiliarsaying,aphorism,orclichéshouldbeavoided.Donotuse"Astitchintimesavesnine,""Youcan'tjudgeabookbyitscover,""Fishandguestssmellinthreedays,"andsoon.

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