英文小说从要素分析.docx
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英文小说从要素分析
ElementsofFiction-ABriefIntroduction
A.PrimaryElements:
Plot,Character,Theme,PointsofView,Symbol,Setting
B.SecondaryElements:
Imagery,Irony,Style&Tone,Exposition
1.Plot-thesequenceofeventsorincidentsofwhichthestoryiscomposed/thearrangementofeventsthatmakeupastory/thecompletepatternordesignofthework.
A.Conflictisaclashofactions,ideas,desiresorwills.
a.Personagainstperson.
b.Personagainstenvironment-externalforce,physicalnature,society,or"fate."
c.Personagainstherself/himself-conflictwithsomeelementinher/hisownnature;maybephysical,mental,emotional,ormoral.
d.PersonagainstGod-Greekmythology.
B.ArtisticUnity-essentialtoagoodplot;nothingirrelevantthatdoesnotcontributetothetotalmeaning;nothingthatisthereonlyforitsownsakeoritsownexcitement.
C.PlotManipulationandFabulation-agoodplotshouldnothaveanyunjustifiedorunexpectedturnsortwists,nofalseleads,andnodeliberateandmisleadinginformation;fabulationistheintroductionofthefabulousorunrealisticorgothicelementsinanotherwiserealisticsetting.
D.StoryEnding:
InaHappyEndingthestereotypicalexpectationisthattheprotagonistmustsolvealltheproblems,defeatthevillain,winthegirl,andlivehappilyeverafter.Unfortunately,manyreallifesituationshaveunhappyendings;forthewritersofseriousfiction,theunhappyendingsaremorelikelytoraisesignificantissuesconcerninglifeandliving.
E.TypesofPlot:
a.Tragedy(noble)
b.Comedy(lessgreat/noble)
c.Romance(lessgreat/noble)
d.Satire(usedtoteachlessonorpresentapointofview
F.UseofPlot:
a.Thestructureofitsactions
b.Order:
1st,2nd,3rd…
c.Tocreate(Theauthorusesactionsasapainterusespaintstocreate)
d.Toachieveparticularwordstocreatecertaineffect
2.Character
A.DirectPresentation-authortellsusstraightout,byexpositionoranalysis,orthroughanothercharacter.
B.IndirectPresentation-authorshowsusthecharacterinaction;thereaderinferswhatacharacterislikefromwhatshe/hethinks,orsays,ordoes.Thesearealsocalleddramatizedcharactersandtheyaregenerallyconsistent(inbehavior),motivated(convincing),andplausible(lifelike).
C.CharacterTypes-aFlatcharacterisknownbyoneortwotraits;aRoundcharacteriscomplexandmany-sided;aStockcharacterisastereotypedcharacter(amadscientist,theabsent-mindedprofessor,thecruelmother-in-law);aStaticcharacterremainsthesamefromthebeginningoftheplottotheend;andaDynamic(developing)characterundergoespermanentchange.Thischangemustbea.withinthepossibilitiesofthecharacter;b.sufficientlymotivated;andc.allowedsufficienttimeforchange.
D.ProtagonistandAntagonist-theprotagonististhecentralcharacter,sympatheticorunsympathetic.Theforcesworkingagainsther/him,whetherpersons,things,conventionsofsociety,ortraitsoftheirowncharacter,aretheantagonists.
3.Theme-thecontrollingideaorcentralinsight.Itcanbe1.arevelationofhumancharacter;2.maybestatedbrieflyoratgreatlength;and3.athemeisnotthe"moral"ofthestory.
A.Athememustbeexpressibleintheformofastatement-not"motherhood"but"Motherhoodsometimeshasmorefrustrationthanreward."
B.Athememustbestatedasageneralizationaboutlife;namesofcharactersorspecificsituationsintheplotarenottobeusedwhenstatingatheme.
C.Athememustnotbeageneralizationlargerthanisjustifiedbythetermsofthestory.
D.Athemeisthecentralandunifyingconceptofthestory.Itmustadheretothefollowingrequirements:
1.Itmustaccountforallthemajordetailsofthestory.
2.Itmustnotbecontradictedbyanydetailofthestory.
3.Itmustnotrelyonsupposedfacts-factsnotactuallystatedorclearlyimpliedbythestory.
E.Thereisnoonewayofstatingthethemeofastory.
F.Anystatementthatreducesathemetosomefamiliarsaying,aphorism,orclichéshouldbeavoided.Donotuse"Astitchintimesavesnine,""Youcan'tjudgeabookbyitscover,""Fishandguestssmellinthreedays,"andsoon.
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