四级英语作文辅导材料.docx

四级英语作文辅导材料.docx

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四级英语作文辅导材料

WritingSkillsandPractice

Contents

PartOneBriefIntroductiontoCollegeEnglishWriting2………7

PartTwoMethodsofDevelopingParagraphs8………10

PartThreeVariousFormsofWriting

（fromappreciationtoproduction）10……..21

PartFourSelectedModelCompositions21…….30

PartFiveAListofMostCommonlyEmployed

SentencePatterns30…….32

CompiledbyTheFirstSectionofTeachingandResearch,DepartmentofCollegeEnglishTeaching&Studies,QingdaoUniversity

PartOneBriefIntroductiontoCollegeEnglishWriting

I.FormatandGeneralRequirementsofCollegeEnglishWriting

1.FormatofCollegeEnglishWriting

ItisstipulatedinCollegeEnglishCurriculumRequirements（《大学英语课程教学要求》）thatcollegestudentsshouldbeabletowritewithin30minutesashortcompositionof120wordsonageneraltopicoranoutline.Thecompositionshouldbebasicallycompleteincontent,appropriateindictionandcoherentindiscourse.

Moreoftenthannot,collegestudentsareexpectedtowritecompositionsbasedontopicsentences,outlinesgiveninChinese,keywords,visualaidsorgivensituations.Accordingly,itisnormallyofgreathelptodecideonwhatstyle（narration,exposition,descriptionorargumentation）tobeemployedtodevelopthewholeessay,andthentodeterminethecontrollingideacontainedineachofthetopicsentences/Chineseoutlines,ortostatethecontrollingideaattheverybeginningofeachparagraphinrespectofwritingbasedonkeywords,visualaidsorgivensituations.

2.GeneralRequirementsofCollegeEnglishWriting

Unity（一致性）andcoherence（连贯）aretwoimportantgeneralrequirementsofcollegeEnglishwriting.

Unityisachievedbyascertainingthateachsentenceintheparagraphisrelevanttothetopicsentence,thatis,eachsentenceshouldbeafurtherdevelopmentofthetopicsentence.Atthesametime,thestudentwritermustbepositivethateachofthe3paragraphsisconnectedwitheachotherinformaswellasinmeaningorcontent.

Coherenceisthelogicalconnectionofthesentencesinaparagraphandtheparagraphsinacompositiontoeachother.Coherencecanbeachievedthroughavarietyoftechniques,suchastheemploymentoftransitionalwords/linkwords/connectors（过渡词语）,repetitionofkeywords,consistentuseofthesamepointofview,properpronounreference,logicalorganizationoftheinformationandargumentsinaparagraphandbetweenparagraphs.Thestudentwritermustbecertainthatthereisappropriatetransitionfromonesentenceoroneparagraphtothenext.

Inordertomaketheparagraphmoreinterestingandvivid,itisagoodideatousesentencevariety.Aneffectivewaytodothisistovarythegrammaticalstructuresofsentencestoavoidmonotony.Differentstructuresnotonlyconveydistinctshadesofmeaning,butalsogiveacompositionanattractiveatmosphere.

II.FormofGoodWriting

Itisgenerallyassumedthatawell-writtenparagraphcontainsatopicsentence,developing/supportingsentencesandaconcludingsentenceifnecessary.

Belowisanexampletoshowtheprocessofwritingaparagraph.Supposethatyouarerequiredtowriteaparagraphonthetopic“Ridingabicycleisbetterthanridingamotorcycle”.Itisadvisableforyoutogothroughthefollowingproceduresbeforewritingtheparagraphproper.

Step1.Determinethewritingstyle—argumentation

Step2.Seekoutthecontrollingidea—better

Step3.Collectsomeconvincingfactsaboutorargumentsforthecontrollingidea—inexpensivetobuy,easymaintenance,goodforhealth,nonpolluting,safer,etc.

Step4.Listdetailsaboutsomeofthefactsorargumentsthatwillinterestyouraudience,e.g.,health—moreexercises,lesspollution

Step5.Outlinetheparagraph.

Topicsentence:

Ridingabicycleisbetterthanridingamotorcycle.

Developingsentences:

A.Itisrelativelyinexpensive

1.tobuy

2.tooperate

B.Itismorehealthful.

1.moreexercises

2.lesspollution

C.Itispersonallysatisfying.

1.enjoythescenery

2.becomepartofthenature

Step6.Writetheparagraphbyusingthedetailsyouhavejustlisted.

Ridingabicycleisbetterthanridingamotorcycle.Firstofall,abicycleisrelativelyinexpensivetobuyandtomaintain.WhileamotorcyclemaycostthousandsofYuantobuyandhundredsofYuanannuallyformaintenance,agoodbicyclewillonlycosttwohundredYuanorso,anditsannualmaintenancecostisverysmall.Bikingisalsohealthful.Notonlydoesthecyclistgetmorephysicalexercisesthanthemotorcyclist,butbicyclesarenonpolluting,sotheykeeptheenvironmentclean.Finally,bicyclingis,unlikemotorcycling,personallysatisfying.Insteadofbeingarobotinsideamachine,thebikerpedalsalong,enjoyingthesceneryandbecomingpartofthenature.Inoneword,thebicycleisapleasurablemeansoftransportation.

Whatissaidaboveistrueofawell-organizedessay,i.e.,anidealizedcompositionissupposedtocontain3paragraphs—atopic/introductoryparagraph,asupportingparagraphandanendingparagraph.Letustakethefollowingessayasanexample.

StayingHealthy

Goodhealthisthemostvaluablepossessionapersoncanhave.Therearethreethingsthatapersoncandotostayingoodhealth.Oneshouldeattherightfoods,getenoughrest,andexerciseproperly.（Topic/introductoryparagraph）

Propernutritionisimportantforgoodhealth.Avoidfoodwithlotsofsugarandfat.Eatplentyofhighproteinfoods,vegetablesandfruits.Butdonotovereatbecauseitisnothealthfultobeoverweight.Gettingtheproperamountofsleepisalsoimportant.Withoutenoughsleep,youarelikelytofeeltiredandirritable.Soallowyourselfeighthoursofsleepeachnight.Finally,getplentyofexercisesinceitimprovesyourheartandlunges,andpreventsyoufromgainingweight.（Supportingparagraph）

Ifeverybodyweretoeattherightfoods,getplentyofsleep,andexerciseregularly,therewouldbemuchlesscomplainingaboutpoorhealth.（Endingparagraph）

III.SpecificStepsInvolvedinWritingandNoteworthyPoints

要想在30分钟内完成一篇不少于120词的文章,应认真审题，仔细构思，拟出提纲，拟订各段的主题句，或根据所给主题句确定各段中心思想，想好用什么事实或细节来支持主题句的观点。

这样写出的文章语言通顺、逻辑严密、观点明确、错误较少。

1.审题

所谓审题，就是根据所提供的有关写作范围、内容要求、目的方面的信息进行仔细推敲斟酌，从而确定文章的主题、体裁、重点、长短等等。

审题主要是解决“写什么”的问题。

1.1确立文章主题

通过审题，明确文章主题即中心思想，才能理清思路，抓住重点，这样的文章才能紧扣主题，立意鲜明，文笔流畅。

例如：

Directions:

Forthepart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetoipc:

GlobalShortageofFreshWater.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline（giveninChinese）below:

（1）人们以为淡水是取之不尽的。

（2）实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。

（3）我们应该怎么办？

根据对本篇作文的审题，可以明确文章中心是淡水资源保护。

可以从淡水资源看似非常丰富的错误表象出发，列举出淡水资源实则严重匮乏的事实及原因，最后提出问题的解决办法。

思路清晰后，文字自然通顺连贯。

范文：

GlobalShortageofFreshWater

Somepeoplebelievethatthefreshwaterwillneverbeusedup.Becausepeoplecangetfreshwaterfromtherains,fromtherivers,fromthewellsandfromthelakes,itseemsthatwehavemorethanenoughfreshwatertouse.

Butasamatteroffact,thewholeworldisinseversshortageoffreshwater.Withthedevelopmentofindustry,moreandmorefactoriesusealotoffreshwater.Manyfactoriesdischargealargenumberofpoisonouswastesintotheriversandlakesandcauseseriouspollutionofthefreshwater.Andbecauseoftherapidincreaseoftheworld’spopulation,thereisacontinuouslyrisingdemandforfreshwater.Infact,insomebigcities,freshwatercannotmeetthepeople’sdailyneeds.

Nowitistimeforustodosomethingtosolvetheproblemoffreshwatershortage.First,wemusttakeefficientstepstoprotectourfreshwaterfrombeingpollutedandmakeitclean.Thenwemustleteveryoneunderstandthedangeroussituationheisin.Wemustalsoeducatethepeopletoknow:

wherethereisnowater,thereisnohumanbeing.

1.2确定文章文体

文体，即文章的表现形式，其中包含体裁和语言。

一般来说，不同的体裁应具备不同的语言表达模式和特点，比如说明文说明事物时强调语言明确清晰，实事求是；议论文则要求语言具有逻辑性，肯定性强。

大学英语作文文体可分四大类，即议论文、应用文、描写文和记叙文。

例如：

Directions:

Forthepart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositioninthreeparagraphs.Yourpartofthecompositionshouldbenolessthan120words,notincludingthewordsgiven.Remembertowriteclearly.YoushouldwritethiscompositionontheCompositionSheet.

Time

（1）Somepeoplethinktimeisvaluableandmakegooduseofit.

（2）Somepeoplemakepooruseofit.

（3）Ithinkweshouldformthegoodhabitofsavingtime.

根据对本篇作文的审题，可以明确它的主题是：

珍惜时间。

议论文体裁，但兼有说明部分。

本篇提纲中的第1、2点要求说明人们对待时间截然不同的两种态度及其原因和表现，第3点则要求在前文的基础上论述自己的观点——应养成珍惜时间的习惯，总结全文的同时，强调了珍惜时间这一主题。

由于说明的目的是为了“告知”，所以应侧重摆事实，注意客观、准确；论说的目的是为了“说服”，应注意提出有力的论据和明确的结论。

范文：

Time

Somepeoplethinktimeisvaluableandmakegooduseofit.Theyreallyunderstandthemeaningof“Timeandtidewaitfornoman”.Hencetheytreasureeverysingleminuteofeverydayandmakegooduseofitinpractice.Theyarrangeeveryday’stimeproperly,nottowasteit.

Somepeoplemakepooruseofit.Theyspendtheirprecioustimeoversleeping,drinking,andsometimesplayinggamesorgambling.Theydonotrealizethatwastingtimeisequaltowastingpartoftheirpreciouslifeandthattheyaretopaymuchforthesesomeday.Theyalwaysregrethavingmadelittleachievementintheircareerowingtotheirpooruseoftime.

Ithinkweshouldformthegoodhabitofsavingtime.Neverputoffwhatcanbedonetodaytilltomorrow.Weshouldthinkhighlyofourtimejustlikeourlives.Wastingtimejustlikestayinginthetomb,youarenotyourself,justawalkingcorpse.

1.3确立写作要点

大学英语作文所涉及内容均为日常生活、科技、社会和文化等。

对这些话题大学生们虽然熟悉，但因字数所限，审题的时候，应该把握文章中心思想，限定话题范围，明确写作重点，其后再进行扩充展开，这样的文章才能思路清晰，主题明确，阐述充分。

例如：

“WomenintheModernWorld”（1987.6），可以采用议论文的形式，以Womentodayareplayinganincreasinglyimportantrolebothinthefamily,yetfacingmanydifficultiesandobstacles为中心来写作，重