08 主谓一致.docx

08 主谓一致.docx

《08 主谓一致.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《08 主谓一致.docx（13页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

08主谓一致

LectureVIIISubject-VerbConcord

Warm-up

1.Isthereanybodyintheclassroom?

________

A.No,thereisn’t.

B.No,therearen’t.

C.No,therenot.

D.No,havenot.

2.NeitherheorI________hisstudent.

A.is

B.am

C.are

D.be

3.Tomwithhisfriends________volleyballsincethreeo’clock.

A.hasbeenplaying

B.isplaying

C.havebeenplaying

D.haveplayed

4.Twokilograms________tooheavyforasickman.

A.is

B.are

C.was

D.were

5.Heisoneofthosewho________veryhard.

A.works

B.work

C.is

D.are

Inlinguistics,concord,alsotermedagreement,canbedefinedastherelationshipbetweentwogrammaticalunitssuchthatoneofthemdisplaysaparticularfeature（eg.plurality）thataccordswithadisplayed（orsemanticallyimplicit）featureintheother.Sucharelationshipcouldbeformedonthebasisofseveralgrammaticalfeaturessuchasperson,genderandnumber.Butthemostimportanttypesofconcordisthenumberconcordbetweensubjectandverb.

1.Guidingprinciples

Therearethreeprinciplesguidingsubject-verbconcord;theyare:

（1）theprincipleofgrammaticalconcord;

（2）theprincipleofnotionalconcord;（3）theprincipleofproximity

1）Grammaticalconcord

Theprincipleofgrammaticalconcordreferstotherulesthatverbmustmatchitssubjectinnumber.Ifthesubjectisplural,theverbshouldtakethepluralform;if,ontheotherhand,thesubjectissingularorisamassnoun,theverbshouldtakethesingularform,forexample:

Bothboyshavetheirownmerits.

WiththeexceptionofMary,allthegirlstudentsareeagertogototheparty.

Eachboyhashisownbook.

Mucheffortiswasted.

Usinganemailaddressspecificallyforyourjobsearchalsoeliminatesthepossibilitythatyouwillreceivedunwelcomeemailsinyourprimarymailbox.（CET4-0706）

ItisnotconvenientformetoreturnallthebookstothelibrarynowbecauseIstillneedsomeofthemformyresearch.

Whathesaidinthemeetingdisgustedeverybodypresent.

Alotofantsarealwaysinvadingmykitchen.Theyareathoroughnuisance.（CET4-0001）

2）Notionalconcord

Theprincipleofnotionalconcordreferstotherulethattheverbcansometimesagreewithsubjectaccordingtothenotionofnumberratherthantotheactualpresenceofthegrammaticalmarkerforthatnotion,forexample:

Thegovernmenthaveaskedthecountrytodecidebyavote.

Fifteenmilesseemslikealongwalktome.

3）Proximity

Theprincipleofproximitydenotesagreementoftheverbwithacloselyprecedingnounphraseratherthantoagreementwiththeheadofthenounphrasethatfunctionsassubject,forexample:

Eithermybrothersormyfatheriscoming.

Onlyoneoutoffivewerepresent.

NeitherJulianorIamgoing.

Generallyspeaking,grammaticalconcordisthebasicprinciple,butwhenthesubjectisrealizedbyacollectivenoun,acoordinateformoranexpressionofquantity,theothertwoprincipleswillhavetobeconsidered.

2.Subject-VerbConcord

1）Problemsofconcordwithnounsendingin-s

Therearequiteafewnounsthatendin-sbutwhicharenotcountable.Someofthesenounsaretreatedassingular,someasplural,andsomeeitherassingularorplural.Allthiscanbedealtwiththefollowingheadings.

（1）Diseaseandgamenamesendingin-s

Namesofdiseasesendingin-saremostlytreatedassingular,e.g.arthritis（关节炎）,bronchitis（支气管炎）,mumps（腮腺炎）,diabetes（糖尿病）,etc.forexample:

Mumpsisakindofinfectiousdisease.Butthereareafewsuchnameswhichcanbeusedeitherassingularorasplural,forexample:

phlebitis（静脉炎）,measles（麻疹）,rickets（软骨病、驼背）,etc,

Ricketsis/arequiterarenow.

Measlesisaninfectiousillnessthatgivesyouahightemperatureandredspotsonyourskin.

Gamenamesendingin-saregenerallyusedassingularwiththeexceptionofcardswhichisusuallytreatedasplural,forexample:

Darts（标枪）/Billiards（台球）ishisfavoritegame.

Cardsarenotallowedhere.

ForChina,the16-dayGamesareanopportunitytoshowtheworldhowfarithascomesince1949–particularlyinthepastthreedecadesofitshistoricdevelopment.

（2）Subjectnamesendingin-ics

Namesofsubjects（学科）endingin-icsaregenerallysingularnouns,e.g.physics,mathematics,mechanics,optics（光学）,acoustics（声学）,etc.Butsomesuchnounsaretreatedaspluralwhenusedinothersensesthansubjectname,forexample:

Acousticsisthescienceofsound.VSTheacousticsinthenewconcerthallarefaultless.

Economicsisarequiredcourseforallthestudents.VSTheeconomicsoftheprojectarestillbeingconsidered.

（3）Geographicalnamesendingin-s

Geographicalnames,suchasthenamesofarchipelagos（群岛）,mountainranges,straits（海峡）andfalls（waterfalls）aregenerallyusedasplural,exceptforafewtreatedassingularwhenusedascountrynames,forexample:

TheHimalayashaveamagnificentvarietyofplantandanimallives.

TheUnitedStatesisacountryofpeoplewithvariedorigins.

（4）Othernounsendingin-s

Namesforthingsmadeoftwopartssuchasscissors,pincers（钳子）,trousers,pajamas,shorts,briefs,glasses,etc.areusuallyusedasplural.Butwhentheyareprecededbysuchunitnounsasapairofandtwopairsof,thenumberformofthefollowingverbisgenerallydeterminedbythenumbermakeroftheunitnoun,forexample:

Trouserscoveryourbottomandhavetwotubesofmaterialtocoveryourlegs.

Apairofpajamasconsistsofloosetrousersandaloosejacketortopthatpeople,especiallymenandchildren,wearinbed.

Nounsusuallytakingpluralendingssuchasarchives,arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,gallows（绞刑架）,goods,minutes,morals,remains,stairs,suburbs,thanks,wages,etcaregenerallyusedaspluralwiththeexceptionofwhereabouts,dramatics,etcwhichmaybetreatedeitheraspluralorassingular.Forexample:

Thecontentsofthisbookaremostfascinating.

Hiswhereaboutswere/wasknownonlytohispersonalstaff.

Nounsendingin–ingssuchasclippings,diggings,earnings,filings,lodgings,surroundings,sweepings,etcaregenerallyusedaspluralwiththeexceptionoftidingswhichcanbeusedbothways.Forexample:

Thesweepingsofthegodown（仓库）havebeendisposedof.

Goodtidingshavecheeredthemup.Thetidingshascomealittletoolate.

Therearealsonounssuchasbarracks（营房）andheadquarters,means,series,species,works,etcwhosesingularandpluralnumbersharethesameform.Thesenounsaretreatedaspluralwhenusedinthepluralsense,orviceversa.Forexample:

Abarrackswasstormedbytheenemytroops.

Allmeanshavebeentriedouttoincreaseagriculturalproduction.

Butsuchnounsasoddsandremainsmeanquitedifferentlyintheirsingularandpluralformsrespectively.Forexample:

What’stheodds?

（=Whatdoesitmatter?

）VSTheoddsareagainstus.（=Wearenotlikelytosucceed.）

Hisremainslieinthechurchyard.VSTheremainsofthemealwere/wasfedtothedog.

2）Problemsofconcordwithcollectivenounsassubject

Collectivenounsaresingularinformbutpluralinmeaning.Thechoicebetweengrammaticalandnotionalconcordismostlydictatedbyusage.

（1）Collectivenounsusuallyusedasplural

Theseincludedpeople,police,cattle,militia（民兵）,poultry（家禽）,vermin（害虫）,etc.forexample:

TheChinesepeoplearegreatpeople.

Domesticcattleprovideuswithmilk,beefandhides.

（2）Collectivenounscanalsobeusedassingular

Theseincludefoliage（植物）,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,etc.forexample:

Allthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinchina.

Themerchandisehasarrivedundamaged.

（3）Collectivenounsusedaspluralorassingular

Theseincludedaudience,committee,class,crew,family,government,public,etc.Thechoiceoftheverbformfollowingsuchnounsdependsontheexactmeaningofthenouninaspecificcontext.Whenthenounisusedinthesenseofacollectiveasawhole,theverbtakessingularform.If,ontheotherhand,thenounisusedinthesenseoftheindividualsthatmakethecollective,theverbtakesthepluralform,forexample:

Hisfamilyisverylarge.VSMyfamilyareBeijingOperafans.

Thesquadofsoldiersisatop-notchfightingunit.VSThesquadofsoldiershavethebestratingsofindividualperformance.

TheBritishgovernmentoftensaysthatfurnishingchildrenwithaccesstotheinformationsuperhighwayisatoppriority.

Theanti-crimecommitteeistomakeitsreporttomorrow.（asawhole,onlyonememberofthecommitteewilldothejob.）

Thenationalfootballteamwere/waswashingtheirfeetintheriver.

（4）Acommitteeof,apanelof,a/theboardof,etc.+pluralnoun,usuallytheverbtakesthesingularform.Forexample:

Theboardofdirectorsisresponsibleforthemanagementofthecompany.

Acommitteeoffivemenandthreewomenistoconsiderthematter.

3）Problemsofconcordwithacoordinatesubject

（1）Coordinationwith“and”or“both…and”

Coordinationby“and”or“both…and”isusuallytreatedaspluralwhenitreferstotwoormorethantwopersons/things,butitistreatedassingularwhenitreferstoonepersonorthing,e.g.

BothJohnandMarryaregoodatdrawing.

Hamandeggsisagoodbreakfast.

AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.只工作不玩耍，聪明的孩子也变傻。

AhusbandandwifeinChinaisencouragedtohaveonechild.

Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.（CET4-9806）

Scienceandtechnologyhavecontributedinimportantwaystotheimprovementofagriculturalproduction.（CET4-0501）

Someellipticalconstructionscontainingandappearsingularbutwithapluralmeaning,soitfollowstheprincipleofnotionalconcord,forexample:

Goodandbadtasteareinculcatedbyexample.