高考英语浙江专用精准提分二轮试题第三部分 话题拓展阅读与写作 第18节.docx
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高考英语浙江专用精准提分二轮试题第三部分话题拓展阅读与写作第18节
第18节 科普知识与现代技术
(二)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2018·杭州质检)
Thedescriptionsarescary.Somepeoplefeltfineinthemorningandthenweredeadbynight.Patientscoughedupblood.Theirfacesturnedblue.Thatwaswhathappenedin1918.Deadlyflukilledtensofmillionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.Itis100yearslater.Scientistsarethinkingabouthowtokeepussafefromsuperflu.
Dr.AnthonyFaucisaysweneedonevaccine(疫苗)thatcanprotectagainstmostoralltypesofflu.Scientistswantashotthatpeoplecouldgetevery5or10yearstogetridofnormalflushots.Maybesomedaywewillneedjustoneshot.Itcouldlastourwholelives.Itwillnotbeeasy.Scientistshavebeenlearningaboutflufor100years.Still,thefluoftenbeatsourbestplanstostopit.Thatisbecauseitisalwayschanging.
Theimmunesystem(免疫系统)protectsthebody.Itkeepsushealthybyfightingthingsthatmightharmthebody.Togetaroundourimmunesystem,thefluchangesitselfeveryyear.Scientistshaveanewplan,though.Theyarelearninghowtheflutrickstheimmunesystem.Theyarefindingwhichpartoftheflustaysthesameeachyear.The1918fluoutbreakshowswhythisissoimportant.Backthen,therewasnofluvaccine.Therewasnowaytostopit.Bythewinterof1919,thefluhadinfectedonethirdoftheworld’spopulation,killingatleast50millionpeopleinashorttime.
In2009,scientistsmadeagreatdiscovery.Theylearnedsomethingnew.Sometimes,people’simmunesystemmakesasmallnumberofspecialantibodies.Antibodiesareproteins(蛋白质)intheblood.Theseproteinsstopusfromgettingsick.Thesespecialantibodiescanstoptheflu.Scientistsaretryingdifferenttrickstogetpeople’sbodiestomakemoreofthoseantibodies.Theystillneedtolearnmore,though.Inthemeantime,Faucisaysitissillytothinkaboutwhatthenextflumightbring.“Wejustneedtobeprepared,”hesaid.
语篇解读 本文是一篇科普说明文。
多年来,许多科学家致力于流感病毒的研究,他们曾提出用注射疫苗的方法防治大多数或所有种类的流感,但是由于流感病毒多变,这不易实施;研究发现,人体会针对流感病毒产生特殊的抗体,科学家们正在尝试用不同的方法让人体产生更多这样的抗体。
1.Theflutrickstheimmunesystemby.
A.changingitselfeveryyear
B.remainingtotallyunchanged
C.producingspecialantibodies
D.harmingproteinsinthebody
答案 A
解+析 细节理解题。
根据第三段第三句“Togetaroundourimmunesystem,thefluchangesitselfeveryyear.”可知,为了避开我们的免疫系统,流感每年都在变化。
故A项正确。
2.Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?
A.Theflucausesmoredeathsthanitdid100yearsago.
B.Afluvaccineshotwithlongtermeffectsiseasytomake.
C.Thesuperfluwilltakeabout5or10yearstogetridof.
D.Peopledon’thavetobetooconcernedabouttheflu.
答案 D
解+析 推理判断题。
根据全文内容尤其是最后一段内容可知,科学家们不断地研究如何防治流感,在2009年取得了突破,他们发现人们的免疫系统会产生少量的特殊抗体,科学家们正在尝试用不同的方法来让人体产生更多这样的抗体;所以我们只需做好准备,而考虑下一次流感可能带来的后果是愚蠢的;据此可以判断,人们无需太担心流感,故D项正确。
3.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?
A.Thedeadlyflukilledtensofmillionsofpeopleinsuchashorttime.
B.Scientistsaretryingtofigureoutthebestprotectingwaysagainsttheflu.
C.Theimmunesystemplaysavitalpartinkeepingusfrombeingsick.
D.Peoplearoundtheworldarescaredofthesuddenoutbreakoftheflu.
答案 B
解+析 主旨大意题。
通读全文可知,本文主要介绍了科学家们正在研究防治流感的方法,故B项最能概括文章大意。
B
(2018·山东聊城一模)
Ifsomepartsofabodyareverysickordamaged,thendoctorsmightneedtoremovethem.Anotherwaydoctorscanhelpistogrownewtissuetoreplacewhatissickordamaged.Thisiscalledregenerativemedicine(再生医学).
Regenerativemedicinesoundslikesomethingfromasciencefictionmoviebutitisnotanewidea.Insideourbones,wehavesomethingcalled“marrow”,whichmakesourbloodandkeepsushealthy.Doctorshavebeengivingsickpeoplethebonemarrowfromotherhealthypeopleforthelast30or40years,andthisisakindofregenerativemedicine.
Newerdevelopmentsinregenerativemedicineincludegrowingnewskininalaboratoryandusingittohelppeoplewhohavebeenhurtinfiresoraccidents.Anotherexampleofregenerativemedicineisatechniquedevelopedfromstudyingfrogsandmice.Whencellsareold,likeinadults,theycan’tchangewhattheydoinourbodies.Forexample,askincellcan’tchangeintoaneyecell.Butwhencellsareveryyoung,theycanbecomeanycelltype.Theseyoungcellsarecalledstemcells,anddoctorscanusethemtogrowanytypeoftissue,suchasskin,heartoreye.JohnGurdonandShinyaYamanakawonthe2012NobelPrizefortheirstudiesinthisarea.
ProfessorFionaWatt,fromtheCentreofRegenerativeMedicineatKing’sCollege,London,believesthatregenerativemedicineissoexcitingbecausemanydifferentkindsofexpertsneedtoworktogether.3Dprintersmaybeusedtoprintnewbonesbyexperts,whoneedtoworkcloselywithuniversityscientistsandthesurgeonswhodotheoperationsinhospitals.
Wecannotyetgrownewarmsorlegsforpeople,butthesciencefictiondreamofregenerativemedicinemaybecloserthanwethink.Perhapsinthefuture,doctorswillbeabletogrowwholenewbodiesforus.
4.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?
A.Howtohelpverysickordamagedpeople.
B.Regenerativemedicineandsciencefiction.
C.Wecangrowournewbodiesinthefuture.
D.Regenerativemedicineanditsdevelopment.
答案 D
解+析 主旨大意题。
通读全文可知,文章主要介绍了什么是再生医学,再生医学的具体应用和发展过程及前景。
故选D。
5.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothispassage?
A.Marrowcanhelpgrownewbones.
B.Stemcellcanbeusedtogrowanytypeoftissue.
C.Surgeonsnowuse3Dprinterstoprintnewbones.
D.Regenerativemedicineisanewscienceinmedicine.
答案 B
解+析 推理判断题。
根据第三段倒数第二句“Theseyoungcellsarecalledstemcells,anddoctorscanusethemtogrowanytypeoftissue,suchasskin,heartoreye.”可知,医生可以用干细胞来生长出任何类型的组织。
故选B。
6.What’sthewriter’sattitudetothedevelopmentinregenerativemedicine?
A.Pessimistic.B.Optimistic.
C.Doubtful.D.Indifferent.
答案 B
解+析 观点态度题。
根据最后一段内容可知,再生医学的科幻梦可能比我们想象的更接近,也许在将来,医生能够为我们培养出全新的身体。
由此可知作者对再生医学的发展持乐观态度。
故选B。
Ⅱ.七选五
(2018·北京市石景山区一模)
Apeerisapersonwhoisaboutthesameageasyou.Peersaffectyourlife,whetheryouknowitornot,justbyspendingtimewithyou.
7Maybeanotherstudentinyourscienceclasstaughtyouaneasywaytoremembertheplanetsinsolarsystem.Maybeyougotothersexcitedaboutyournewfavoritebookandnoweveryone’sreadingit.However,sometimespeersaffectoneanotherinanotherway.8Maybeakidintheneighborhoodwantedyoutoshoplift(在商店偷窃)withhim.
Somekidsgiveintopeerpressurebecausetheywanttobeliked,tofitin,orbecausetheyworrythatotherkidsmaymakefunofthemiftheydon’tgoalongwiththegroup.9Theideathat“everyone’sdoingit”mayinfluencesomekidstoleavetheirbetterjudgmentsortheircommonsensesbehind.
Peerpressurecanbeextremelystrongandhardtogetridof.Experimentshaveshownhowpeerpressurecaninfluencesomeonetochangeher/hismindfromwhatshe/heknowsforsureisacorrectanswertotheincorrectanswer—justbecauseeveryoneelsegivestheincorrectanswer!
10
11Payingattentiontoyourownfeelingsandbeliefsaboutwhatisrightandwrongcanhelpyouknowtherightthingtodo.Innerstrengthandselfconfidencecanhelpyoustandfirm,walkawayandresistdoingsomethingwhenyouknowbetter.
A.Peerscanhaveagoodeffectononeanother.
B.Peerpressureisthedirectinfluenceonpeoplebypeers.
C.Goodpeersmaygiveyouahandwhenyouareintrouble.
D.Thatholdstrueforpeopleofanyageinpeerpressuresituations.
E.Maybeonekidatschooltriedtogetanothertocutclasswithhim.
F.Itcanbehardtowalkawayfrompeerpressure,butitcanbedone.
G.Othersmaygoalongbecausetheyarecurioustotrysomethingnewthatothersaredoing.
语篇解读 同龄人之间既有好的影响也有不好的影响,有些孩子屈服于同龄人的压力,这会让他们失去正确的是非观。
同龄人的压力可能很难摆脱,但只要坚定信念,也能抵制住这种压力。
7.答案 A
解+析 考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
根据本段的内容可知,同伴之间可以相互影响。
同伴间既有好的影响,也有不良的影响。
而前半部分说的是好的影响。
分析选项可知A项(同伴之间可以互相产生好的影响。
)符合题意,故选A正确。
8.答案 E
解+析 考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
本段指同伴之间的相互影响,根据上一句“However,sometimespeersaffectoneanotherinanotherway.”及下一句“Maybeakidintheneighborhoodwantedyoutoshoplift(在商店偷窃)withhim.”可知,此处是说不好的影响。
分析选项可知E项(也许学校里有个孩子想找个同伴和他一起逃课。
)符合题意,且句式和下一句相同,故选E项。
9.答案 G
解+析 考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
根据下一句“Theideathat‘everyone’sdoingit’mayinfluencesomekidstoleavetheirbetterjudgmentsortheircommonsensesbehind.(“每个人都这样做”的想法可能会让一些孩子丢弃自己更好的判断力或常识。
)”可判断G项(其他人可能会一起做,因为他们很想尝试其他人正在做的新事物。
)符合题意,故选G项。
10.答案 D
解+析 考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
根据第四段第一句“Peerpressurecanbeextremelystrongandhardtogetridof.(同龄人的压力可能非常强烈,很难摆脱。
)”可判断,这种情况对任何年龄段的人都适用,分析选项可知D项(在同龄人压力下,任何年龄段的人都如此。
)符合题意,故选D项。
11.答案 F
解+析 考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
根据空后的内容可知,自己要坚定信念,到底什么是正确的什么是错误的,这样就能让你知道该做什么。
内在的力量和自信能帮助你承受同龄人的压力,远离并抵制你不应当做的事情。
分析选项可知,F项(虽然很难摆脱同伴的压力,但这是可以做到的。
)符合题意,故选F项。
Ⅲ.概要写作
(2018·绍兴新昌中学适应性测试)
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Accordingtomostpeople,afteralongperiodofstudyingorworking,weneedtohavearesttorefreshourselves.However,thatmaynotbethecase.Accordingtoarecentreport,youdon’tneedthebreakasmuchasyoumaythinkthatmakesyoufeellesstired.
Scientistshavelongassumedthatwillpowerisalimitedresource,whichiswhyyoufeeltheneedtohavearest,haveasnackandthengetbacktotaskwhenyouarefeelingbetter.Theyarguethattheonlywayitrestoreswillpowerisbyrest,foodorentertainment.
Butpsychologistshavechallengedthistheory,sayingweakwillpowerisallinyourhead.Theyhavefoundthatpeople’sbeliefinwillpowerdetermineshowlongandhowwellthey’llbeabletoworkontoughmentalexercise.“Ifyouthinkofwillpowerassomethingthatisnotreallyusedup,youcangoonandon.”saidProfessorVeronikaJob.
Theresearchersdesignedfourexperimentstoteststudents’beliefinwillpower.Afteratiringtask,thosewhobelieved,orwereledtobelievethatwillpowerisalimitedresource,performedworseonstandardconcentrationteststhanthosewhothoughtofwillpowerassomethingtheyhadmorecontrolover.They