国际贸易实务.docx

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国际贸易实务.docx

国际贸易实务

第一章

1.WhatisInternationalTrade?

(p.1)

Internationaltradereferstothefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsandservicesacrossthenationalboundaries.

2.Whatarevisibletrade(有形贸易)andinvisibletrade(无形贸易)?

Visibletrade/tangiblegoodstraderefertotradeofgoods.

Invisibletrade/intangiblegoodsrefertotradeofservices.Forexample:

investment,transportation,insurance,financing,tourism,laborservice,educationservice,etc.

3.Whatisdifferencebetweeninternationaltradeandworldtrade?

Internationaltradeequalstoworldtrade.(没有不同)

4.WhatisForeignTrade?

Foreigntradeisthetradingofgoodsandservicesdestinedforaforeigncountry.

5.WhatareDifferencesbetweenInternationalTradeandForeignTrade?

1)DifferentPositionandPerspective

2)DifferencesinStatistics

ForeignTrade:

TotalValueofExport(FOB)

TotalValueofImport(CIF)

TotalValueofImport&Export

InternationalTrade:

TotalValueofInternationalTrade

6.WhatisCounter-Trade?

(p.10)

Counter-Tradeisthetrademethodinwhichtheseller(exporter)isrequiredtoacceptthepurchaseofgoodsorservicesinequivalentornearlyequivalentvaluefromthebuyer(theimporter).对销贸易不同于单方面的进口或出口,实质上是将进口和出口结合起来的贸易方式。

体现了互惠的特点。

7.WhatIncludedintheFormsofInternationalTrade?

Dealing(经销)、Agency(代理)、Consignment(寄售)、Auction(拍卖)、TradeFair(商品交易会)、InvitationtoTender&SubmissionofTender(招标与投标)、Counter-Trade(对销贸易)、Futures(期货贸易)

8.WhatIncludedintheBarrierstoInternationalTrade?

NaturalBarrier(自然壁垒)、TariffBarrier(关税壁垒)、Non-TariffBarrier(非关税壁垒)

9.WhatisTheTheoryofAbsoluteAdvantage?

P.4

AbsoluteAdvantagetheorysaysthatifacountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingacommodity(withlowercostofproductionorexclusiveinproduction),anothercountryhasanabsoluteinproducinganothercommodity.

10.WhatistheTheoryofComparativeAdvantage?

P.5

Evenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade

11.Exercise

TrueorFalseonp.25

第二章

1.PreparationforExport

MarketResearch,ExportPromotion,CreditStandingInvestigation;

2.PreparationforImport

1)Familiarizingtheimportpolicies,andselectthemarketofpurchase,orthecountryofsupplier;

2)Investigatingpossiblesuppliersandlockthepreferredone;

3)Workingoutanimportedgoodsoperatingprogramtoguideandfulfillthefuturebusiness.

3.WhatisBusinessNegotiation?

Internationalbusinessnegotiationisanimportantpartofconductingaforeigntrade.Itisthedealingsbetweensupplierandcustomersinordertoreachagreementontheprice,quantity,quality,paymentandothertermsandconditionsofasale.

4.WhatareFiveLinksofBusinessNegotiation?

P.33

Enquiry(Inquiry)(询盘)

Offer(发盘)OfferwithEngagement(FirmOffer)实盘

OfferwithoutEngagement(Non-FirmOffer)虚盘

Counter-Offer(还盘)

Acceptance(接受)

ConclusionofaContract(缔结合同)

5)WhatisContract?

P.37

Acontractisanagreementthatcreatesanobligation,thatisabinding,legallyenforceableagreementbetweentwoormorecompetentparties.

6)WhatPartsIncludedinaSalesContract?

Preamble(约首)、Body(正文)、WitnessClause(约尾)

7)Exercise

TrueorFalseonp.51

第三章

1.WhatistheNameofCommodity?

P.53

Nameofcommodityreferstoatitleorconceptofacertaincommoditythatmakesthiscommoditydifferfromanotherone.商品的品名是指使某种商品区别于其他商品的一种称呼或概念。

2.WhatistheQualityofCommodity?

P.54

Qualityofcommodityisthecombinationofinherentqualityandoutsideformorshapeofthecommodity.商品的品质是指商品的内在质量和外观形态的综合。

3.MethodsofExpressingtheQualityofCommodityp.55

①SalebyDescription(凭文字说明买卖)

1)SalesbySpecification(凭规格买卖)

2)SalebyGrade(凭等级买卖)

3)SalebyStandard(凭标准买卖)

4)SalebyBrandNameorTradeMark(凭品牌或商标买卖)

5)SalebyNameofOriginorGeographicalIndication(凭产地名称或地理标志买卖)

6)SalebyDescriptionandIllustration(凭说明书和图样买卖)

②SalebyActualQuality(看货买卖)

③SalebySamples(凭样品买卖)

1)SalebytheSeller’sSample(凭卖方样品买卖)

2)SalebytheBuyer’sSample(凭买方样品买卖)

3)SalebyCounterSample(凭对等样品买卖)

Fairaveragequality(F.A.Q.)良好平均品质

Goodmerchantablequality(G.M.Q.)上好可销品质

4.WhatareStipulationsofQualityClauses?

P.59

TheClauseofQualityTolerance品质公差条款

TheClauseofQualityLatitude品质机动幅度条款

5.ExamplesofQualityClausesp.60

C708ChineseGreyDuckDownwith90%downcontent,1%moreorlessallowed

货号C708中国灰鸭绒含绒量90%,允许1%浮动。

6.Exercise

TrueorFalseonp.67

第四章

1.Whatisthequantityofcommodity?

P.69

Thequantityofcommodityreferstotheweight,number,length,volume,area,capacity,etc.whichareindicatedbydifferentmeasuringunits.

2.MeasuringUnitsp.70-71

Metricton(2,204Ibs);公吨

Longton(2,240Ibs);英国吨

Shortton(2,000Ibs)美国吨

3.Howtocalculatetheweightofgoods?

P.71

netweight=grossweight–tareweight

4.Whatis“GrossforNet”?

以毛作净P.72

如果合同未声明商品按毛重或净重计算,一般是按净重计算。

但是,某些货物的包装不便按净重计算(tobaccoflake,newsreels),或者其包装材料的价值几乎与货物自身的价值相等(grain,fodder),于是常按毛重计算,在国际贸易中称作“GrossforNet以毛作净”。

5.MoreorLessClause溢短装条款p.73

Itmeansover-loadandunder-loadarepermittedbutshouldnotsurpassacertainpercentageofthestipulatedquantity.

允许多装或少装,但以不超过合同规定数量的百分之几为限。

6.ExamplesofQualityClausesp.74(例子有删减)

1)ChinaRice,1,000M/T,5%moreorlessatseller’soption.

中国大米,1000公吨,卖方可溢装或短装5%。

2)Chinesenortheastsoybean:

6,000M/Tgrossfornet,3%moreorlessatseller'soption.

中国东北大豆:

6,000公吨,以毛作净,卖方可溢装或短装3%。

3)Thesellerisallowedtodeliver5%moreorless,thepricewillbecalculatedaspertheunitpricestipulatedinthesalescontract.

允许卖方在装货时溢装或短装5%,价格按照本合同所列的单价计算。

7.Exercise

MultipleChoicesonp.78

TrueorFalseonp.79

第五章

1.WhatisthePackingofCommodity?

Packagingisthescience,art,andtechnologyofenclosingorprotectingproductsfordistribution,storage,sale,anduse.

2.TypesofPackingp.82

1)NudeCargo,BulkCargo/CargoinBulkandPackedCargo

2)TransportPacking

3)SalesPacking

4)NeutralPacking

5)FactorsInfluencingChoiceofPacking

3.TransportPackingandSalesPackingp.83-85

Transportpackingisalsocalledbigpacking,shippingpackingorouter/outsidepacking.

Salespackingistheinnerpacking,directlycontactswiththecommodities,mainlyusedforthepurposeofpromotingsales.

TEU–Twenty-footEquivalentUnit,标准箱

4.ShippingMarks唛头p.88

Thepurposeofshippingmarkistoidentifycargoandhelpinmovingsmoothlyandsafelywithoutdelayorconfusiontoitsfinaldestinationandtoenablethecheckingofcargoagainstdocuments.运输标志俗称唛头或“唛”,是一种识别标志或标准标志。

通常由一个简单的几何图形和一些字母、数字及简单的文字组成。

它的主要作用是容易辨认货物,方便运输,易于点数、查箱,使单货相符,防止错发错运等。

5.Exercise

MultipleChoicesonp.96

TrueorFalseonp.97

第六章

1.WhatisPriceTerms?

WhatisIncoterms?

PriceTerms,alsocalledTradeTerms,isashortphrasetospecifythepricestructureandthedivisionofrisks,expenses,andresponsibilities.

IncotermsisshortforInternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms,andmostfrequentlyusedininternationalsalestransactions.

2.BasicComponentsofPrice(4parts)p.100

Typeofcurrency,priceperunitortotalprice,measurementunit,priceterms

3.“ShipmentContract”装运合同and“SymbolicDelivery”象征性的交货

“ArrivalContract”到达合同and“PhysicalDelivery”实际交货p.100

4.FOB(船上交货(…指定装运港)),CFR(成本加运费(…指定目的港)),CIF(成本、保险费加运费(…指定目的港))

三者关系:

CIF=CFR+I(保险费)=FOB+F(运费)+I

FCA(货交承运人(…指定交货地点)),CPT(运费付至(…指定目的地)),CIP(运费、保险费付至(…指定目的地))

5.HowtoChoosePriceTerms?

Whenexport,wehadbettertochooseCIF.

Whenimport,wehadbettertochooseFOB.

6.ExamplesofPriceTermsp.117

1)USD200perdozenCFRC3%NewYork

每打200美元,CFR纽约,佣金3%

2)CAD15percaseCIPC2%Montreal

每箱15加元,CIP蒙特利尔,佣金2%

3)€600persetFOBShanghailess3%discount

每套600欧元,FOB上海,折扣不超过3%

4)USD20perM/Tfordiscount

每公吨折扣20美元

5)ThepurchasepriceshallbeUSD300perunitFASVessel,Qingdao.ThepriceischangedalongsidethevesseldesignatedbythebuyerinQingdao,theportofshipment.

购买价每单位300美元,FAS青岛港船边交货,价格变动由买方在装运港青岛的船边决定。

7.Exercise

MultipleChoicesonp.132

TrueorFalseonp.132-133

8.Incoterms®2010中文一览

(一)适用于任何单一或多种运输方式的术语

EXW工厂交货FCA货交承运人

CPT运费付至CIP运费、保险费付至

DAT运输终点交货DAP目的地交货

DDP交税后交货

(二)适用于海上和内陆水上运输的术语

FAS船边交货FOB船上交货

CFR成本加运费CIF成本、保险费加运费

第七章

1.TheInstrumentsofPayment

BillofExchange(abbr.B/EorDraft)汇票

PromissoryNote本票

Check(orCheque)支票

2.HowmanybasicpartiesinB/Epayment?

P.136更正书上错误

thedrawer出票人(i.e.thepersonwhomakes,signsandgivesit)

thedrawee付款人(thepersononwhomadraftisdrawn)

thepayer付款人(usuallythedraweeandthepayerarethesameperson)

thePayee受款人(thepersontowhomthemoneyistobepaid)

3.TheModesofpayment

Remittance(M/T,T/T,D/D),(汇付)

Collection(D/P,D/A)(托收)

LetterofCredit(L/C)(信用证)

4.What’sDifferencebetweentheInstrumentsofPaymentandtheModesofPayment?

5.Remittance&CollectionbelongstoCommercialCredit

LetterofCreditbelongstoBanker’sCredit

6.Remittance称为顺汇(FavorableExchange)

CollectionandLetterofCredit称为逆汇(AdverseExchange)

买方直接付款称为顺汇(FavorableExchange),其他的则称为逆汇(AdverseExchange)

7.如果信用证的开证申请人破产倒闭,开证行是否要付款?

为什么?

要付款。

因为开证行开出信用证的时候实际上就是担保付款。

如果申请人破产不能付款,开证行仍然有义务付款给议付行,开证行对开证人有追索权。

8.什么叫“单证一致,单单一致”?

单证一致,单单一致是指,出口方所提供的所有单据要符合进口方开证银行所开信用证的要求,且出口方的所有单据之间要一致并且相符。

出口方所提供的单据主要是指:

提单、产地证、汇票、发票、保险单、商检证书、检疫证明等。

9.Howtochosethemodesofpayment?

Whenweasexporter:

L/C

T/T(DownpaymentT/T+Paythebalanceafteryourgoods

ArrivedT/T预付定金电汇加货到付余款电汇)

10.Examplesofpaymentclausesp.153

1)TheBuyersshallpaythetotalvaluetotheSellersinadvancebyT/Tnotlaterthan…

买方应当不迟于…用电汇预付全部货款给卖方。

2)Uponfirstpresenta

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