国际贸易实务.docx
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国际贸易实务
第一章
1.WhatisInternationalTrade?
(p.1)
Internationaltradereferstothefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsandservicesacrossthenationalboundaries.
2.Whatarevisibletrade(有形贸易)andinvisibletrade(无形贸易)?
Visibletrade/tangiblegoodstraderefertotradeofgoods.
Invisibletrade/intangiblegoodsrefertotradeofservices.Forexample:
investment,transportation,insurance,financing,tourism,laborservice,educationservice,etc.
3.Whatisdifferencebetweeninternationaltradeandworldtrade?
Internationaltradeequalstoworldtrade.(没有不同)
4.WhatisForeignTrade?
Foreigntradeisthetradingofgoodsandservicesdestinedforaforeigncountry.
5.WhatareDifferencesbetweenInternationalTradeandForeignTrade?
1)DifferentPositionandPerspective
2)DifferencesinStatistics
ForeignTrade:
TotalValueofExport(FOB)
TotalValueofImport(CIF)
TotalValueofImport&Export
InternationalTrade:
TotalValueofInternationalTrade
6.WhatisCounter-Trade?
(p.10)
Counter-Tradeisthetrademethodinwhichtheseller(exporter)isrequiredtoacceptthepurchaseofgoodsorservicesinequivalentornearlyequivalentvaluefromthebuyer(theimporter).对销贸易不同于单方面的进口或出口,实质上是将进口和出口结合起来的贸易方式。
体现了互惠的特点。
7.WhatIncludedintheFormsofInternationalTrade?
Dealing(经销)、Agency(代理)、Consignment(寄售)、Auction(拍卖)、TradeFair(商品交易会)、InvitationtoTender&SubmissionofTender(招标与投标)、Counter-Trade(对销贸易)、Futures(期货贸易)
8.WhatIncludedintheBarrierstoInternationalTrade?
NaturalBarrier(自然壁垒)、TariffBarrier(关税壁垒)、Non-TariffBarrier(非关税壁垒)
9.WhatisTheTheoryofAbsoluteAdvantage?
P.4
AbsoluteAdvantagetheorysaysthatifacountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingacommodity(withlowercostofproductionorexclusiveinproduction),anothercountryhasanabsoluteinproducinganothercommodity.
10.WhatistheTheoryofComparativeAdvantage?
P.5
Evenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade
11.Exercise
TrueorFalseonp.25
第二章
1.PreparationforExport
MarketResearch,ExportPromotion,CreditStandingInvestigation;
2.PreparationforImport
1)Familiarizingtheimportpolicies,andselectthemarketofpurchase,orthecountryofsupplier;
2)Investigatingpossiblesuppliersandlockthepreferredone;
3)Workingoutanimportedgoodsoperatingprogramtoguideandfulfillthefuturebusiness.
3.WhatisBusinessNegotiation?
Internationalbusinessnegotiationisanimportantpartofconductingaforeigntrade.Itisthedealingsbetweensupplierandcustomersinordertoreachagreementontheprice,quantity,quality,paymentandothertermsandconditionsofasale.
4.WhatareFiveLinksofBusinessNegotiation?
P.33
Enquiry(Inquiry)(询盘)
Offer(发盘)OfferwithEngagement(FirmOffer)实盘
OfferwithoutEngagement(Non-FirmOffer)虚盘
Counter-Offer(还盘)
Acceptance(接受)
ConclusionofaContract(缔结合同)
5)WhatisContract?
P.37
Acontractisanagreementthatcreatesanobligation,thatisabinding,legallyenforceableagreementbetweentwoormorecompetentparties.
6)WhatPartsIncludedinaSalesContract?
Preamble(约首)、Body(正文)、WitnessClause(约尾)
7)Exercise
TrueorFalseonp.51
第三章
1.WhatistheNameofCommodity?
P.53
Nameofcommodityreferstoatitleorconceptofacertaincommoditythatmakesthiscommoditydifferfromanotherone.商品的品名是指使某种商品区别于其他商品的一种称呼或概念。
2.WhatistheQualityofCommodity?
P.54
Qualityofcommodityisthecombinationofinherentqualityandoutsideformorshapeofthecommodity.商品的品质是指商品的内在质量和外观形态的综合。
3.MethodsofExpressingtheQualityofCommodityp.55
①SalebyDescription(凭文字说明买卖)
1)SalesbySpecification(凭规格买卖)
2)SalebyGrade(凭等级买卖)
3)SalebyStandard(凭标准买卖)
4)SalebyBrandNameorTradeMark(凭品牌或商标买卖)
5)SalebyNameofOriginorGeographicalIndication(凭产地名称或地理标志买卖)
6)SalebyDescriptionandIllustration(凭说明书和图样买卖)
②SalebyActualQuality(看货买卖)
③SalebySamples(凭样品买卖)
1)SalebytheSeller’sSample(凭卖方样品买卖)
2)SalebytheBuyer’sSample(凭买方样品买卖)
3)SalebyCounterSample(凭对等样品买卖)
Fairaveragequality(F.A.Q.)良好平均品质
Goodmerchantablequality(G.M.Q.)上好可销品质
4.WhatareStipulationsofQualityClauses?
P.59
TheClauseofQualityTolerance品质公差条款
TheClauseofQualityLatitude品质机动幅度条款
5.ExamplesofQualityClausesp.60
C708ChineseGreyDuckDownwith90%downcontent,1%moreorlessallowed
货号C708中国灰鸭绒含绒量90%,允许1%浮动。
6.Exercise
TrueorFalseonp.67
第四章
1.Whatisthequantityofcommodity?
P.69
Thequantityofcommodityreferstotheweight,number,length,volume,area,capacity,etc.whichareindicatedbydifferentmeasuringunits.
2.MeasuringUnitsp.70-71
Metricton(2,204Ibs);公吨
Longton(2,240Ibs);英国吨
Shortton(2,000Ibs)美国吨
3.Howtocalculatetheweightofgoods?
P.71
netweight=grossweight–tareweight
4.Whatis“GrossforNet”?
以毛作净P.72
如果合同未声明商品按毛重或净重计算,一般是按净重计算。
但是,某些货物的包装不便按净重计算(tobaccoflake,newsreels),或者其包装材料的价值几乎与货物自身的价值相等(grain,fodder),于是常按毛重计算,在国际贸易中称作“GrossforNet以毛作净”。
5.MoreorLessClause溢短装条款p.73
Itmeansover-loadandunder-loadarepermittedbutshouldnotsurpassacertainpercentageofthestipulatedquantity.
允许多装或少装,但以不超过合同规定数量的百分之几为限。
6.ExamplesofQualityClausesp.74(例子有删减)
1)ChinaRice,1,000M/T,5%moreorlessatseller’soption.
中国大米,1000公吨,卖方可溢装或短装5%。
2)Chinesenortheastsoybean:
6,000M/Tgrossfornet,3%moreorlessatseller'soption.
中国东北大豆:
6,000公吨,以毛作净,卖方可溢装或短装3%。
3)Thesellerisallowedtodeliver5%moreorless,thepricewillbecalculatedaspertheunitpricestipulatedinthesalescontract.
允许卖方在装货时溢装或短装5%,价格按照本合同所列的单价计算。
7.Exercise
MultipleChoicesonp.78
TrueorFalseonp.79
第五章
1.WhatisthePackingofCommodity?
Packagingisthescience,art,andtechnologyofenclosingorprotectingproductsfordistribution,storage,sale,anduse.
2.TypesofPackingp.82
1)NudeCargo,BulkCargo/CargoinBulkandPackedCargo
2)TransportPacking
3)SalesPacking
4)NeutralPacking
5)FactorsInfluencingChoiceofPacking
3.TransportPackingandSalesPackingp.83-85
Transportpackingisalsocalledbigpacking,shippingpackingorouter/outsidepacking.
Salespackingistheinnerpacking,directlycontactswiththecommodities,mainlyusedforthepurposeofpromotingsales.
TEU–Twenty-footEquivalentUnit,标准箱
4.ShippingMarks唛头p.88
Thepurposeofshippingmarkistoidentifycargoandhelpinmovingsmoothlyandsafelywithoutdelayorconfusiontoitsfinaldestinationandtoenablethecheckingofcargoagainstdocuments.运输标志俗称唛头或“唛”,是一种识别标志或标准标志。
通常由一个简单的几何图形和一些字母、数字及简单的文字组成。
它的主要作用是容易辨认货物,方便运输,易于点数、查箱,使单货相符,防止错发错运等。
5.Exercise
MultipleChoicesonp.96
TrueorFalseonp.97
第六章
1.WhatisPriceTerms?
WhatisIncoterms?
PriceTerms,alsocalledTradeTerms,isashortphrasetospecifythepricestructureandthedivisionofrisks,expenses,andresponsibilities.
IncotermsisshortforInternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms,andmostfrequentlyusedininternationalsalestransactions.
2.BasicComponentsofPrice(4parts)p.100
Typeofcurrency,priceperunitortotalprice,measurementunit,priceterms
3.“ShipmentContract”装运合同and“SymbolicDelivery”象征性的交货
“ArrivalContract”到达合同and“PhysicalDelivery”实际交货p.100
4.FOB(船上交货(…指定装运港)),CFR(成本加运费(…指定目的港)),CIF(成本、保险费加运费(…指定目的港))
三者关系:
CIF=CFR+I(保险费)=FOB+F(运费)+I
FCA(货交承运人(…指定交货地点)),CPT(运费付至(…指定目的地)),CIP(运费、保险费付至(…指定目的地))
5.HowtoChoosePriceTerms?
Whenexport,wehadbettertochooseCIF.
Whenimport,wehadbettertochooseFOB.
6.ExamplesofPriceTermsp.117
1)USD200perdozenCFRC3%NewYork
每打200美元,CFR纽约,佣金3%
2)CAD15percaseCIPC2%Montreal
每箱15加元,CIP蒙特利尔,佣金2%
3)€600persetFOBShanghailess3%discount
每套600欧元,FOB上海,折扣不超过3%
4)USD20perM/Tfordiscount
每公吨折扣20美元
5)ThepurchasepriceshallbeUSD300perunitFASVessel,Qingdao.ThepriceischangedalongsidethevesseldesignatedbythebuyerinQingdao,theportofshipment.
购买价每单位300美元,FAS青岛港船边交货,价格变动由买方在装运港青岛的船边决定。
7.Exercise
MultipleChoicesonp.132
TrueorFalseonp.132-133
8.Incoterms®2010中文一览
(一)适用于任何单一或多种运输方式的术语
EXW工厂交货FCA货交承运人
CPT运费付至CIP运费、保险费付至
DAT运输终点交货DAP目的地交货
DDP交税后交货
(二)适用于海上和内陆水上运输的术语
FAS船边交货FOB船上交货
CFR成本加运费CIF成本、保险费加运费
第七章
1.TheInstrumentsofPayment
BillofExchange(abbr.B/EorDraft)汇票
PromissoryNote本票
Check(orCheque)支票
2.HowmanybasicpartiesinB/Epayment?
P.136更正书上错误
thedrawer出票人(i.e.thepersonwhomakes,signsandgivesit)
thedrawee付款人(thepersononwhomadraftisdrawn)
thepayer付款人(usuallythedraweeandthepayerarethesameperson)
thePayee受款人(thepersontowhomthemoneyistobepaid)
3.TheModesofpayment
Remittance(M/T,T/T,D/D),(汇付)
Collection(D/P,D/A)(托收)
LetterofCredit(L/C)(信用证)
4.What’sDifferencebetweentheInstrumentsofPaymentandtheModesofPayment?
5.Remittance&CollectionbelongstoCommercialCredit
LetterofCreditbelongstoBanker’sCredit
6.Remittance称为顺汇(FavorableExchange)
CollectionandLetterofCredit称为逆汇(AdverseExchange)
买方直接付款称为顺汇(FavorableExchange),其他的则称为逆汇(AdverseExchange)
7.如果信用证的开证申请人破产倒闭,开证行是否要付款?
为什么?
要付款。
因为开证行开出信用证的时候实际上就是担保付款。
如果申请人破产不能付款,开证行仍然有义务付款给议付行,开证行对开证人有追索权。
8.什么叫“单证一致,单单一致”?
单证一致,单单一致是指,出口方所提供的所有单据要符合进口方开证银行所开信用证的要求,且出口方的所有单据之间要一致并且相符。
出口方所提供的单据主要是指:
提单、产地证、汇票、发票、保险单、商检证书、检疫证明等。
9.Howtochosethemodesofpayment?
Whenweasexporter:
L/C
T/T(DownpaymentT/T+Paythebalanceafteryourgoods
ArrivedT/T预付定金电汇加货到付余款电汇)
10.Examplesofpaymentclausesp.153
1)TheBuyersshallpaythetotalvaluetotheSellersinadvancebyT/Tnotlaterthan…
买方应当不迟于…用电汇预付全部货款给卖方。
2)Uponfirstpresenta