汽车发展.docx

汽车发展.docx

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汽车发展

Historyoftheautomobile

ThedesignoftheCugnotSteamTrolley（1769）

Thehistoryoftheautomobilebeginsasearlyas1769,withthecreationofsteam-poweredautomobilescapableofhumantransport.In1806,thefirstcarspoweredbyinternalcombustionenginesrunningonfuelgasappeared,whichledtotheintroductionin1885oftheubiquitousmoderngasoline-orpetrol-fueledinternalcombustionengine.Carspoweredbyelectricitybrieflyappearedattheturnofthe20thcenturybutlargelydisappearedfromcommonalityuntiltheturnofthe21stcentury,wheninterestinlow-andzero-emissionstransportationwasreignited.Assuch,theearlyhistoryoftheautomobilecanbedividedintoanumberoferasbasedontheprevalentmethodofautomotivepropulsionduringthattime.Laterperiodsweredefinedbytrendsinexteriorstylingandsizeandutilitypreferences.

Erasofinvention

Pioneerinventors

GermanengineerKarlBenz,inventorofnumerouscar-relatedtechnologies,isgenerallyregardedastheinventorofthemodernautomobile.Thefour-strokepetrol（gasoline）internalcombustionenginethatconstitutesthemostprevalentformofmodernautomotivepropulsionisacreationofGermaninventorNikolausOtto.Thesimilarfour-strokedieselenginewasalsoinventedbyaGerman,RudolfDiesel.Thehydrogenfuelcell,oneofthetechnologieshailedasareplacementforgasolineasanenergysourceforcars,wasdiscoveredinprinciplebyyetanotherGerman,ChristianFriedrichSchönbein,in1838.ThebatteryelectriccarowesitsbeginningstoHungarianÁnyosJedlik,oneoftheinventorsoftheelectricmotor,andGastonPlanté,whoinventedthelead-acidbatteryin1859.

Earlyautomobiles

Steamautomobiles

Cugnot'ssteamwagon,thesecond（1771）version

FerdinandVerbiest,amemberofaJesuitmissioninChina,builtthefirststeam-poweredvehiclearound1672,designedasatoyfortheChineseEmperor,itbeingofsmallscaleandunabletocarryadriverorpassengerbut,quitepossibly,thefirstworkingsteam-poweredvehicle（'auto-mobile'）.

AreplicaofRichardTrevithick's1801roadlocomotive'PuffingDevil'

Steam-poweredself-propelledvehiclesarethoughttohavebeendevisedinthelate-18thcentury.Nicolas-JosephCugnotdemonstratedhisfardieràvapeur,anexperimentalsteam-drivenartillerytractor,in1770and1771.Cugnot'sdesignprovedtobeimpracticalandhisinventionwasnotdevelopedinhisnativeFrance,thecentreofinnovationpassingtoGreatBritain.By1784,WilliamMurdochhadbuiltaworkingmodelofasteamcarriageinRedruth,andin1801RichardTrevithickwasrunningafull-sizedvehicleontheroadinCamborne.Suchvehicleswereinvogueforatime,andoverthenextdecadessuchinnovationsashandbrakes,multi-speedtransmissions,andbettersteeringdeveloped.Somewerecommerciallysuccessfulinprovidingmasstransit,untilabacklashagainsttheselargespeedyvehiclesresultedinpassingalaw,theLocomotiveAct,in1865requiringself-propelledvehiclesonpublicroadsintheUnitedKingdombeprecededbyamanonfootwavingaredflagandblowingahorn.ThiseffectivelykilledroadautodevelopmentintheUKformostoftherestofthe19thcentury.asinventorsandengineersshiftedtheireffortstoimprovementsinrailwaylocomotives.Thelawwasnotrepealeduntil1896,althoughtheneedfortheredflagwasremovedin1878.

InRussiainthe1780s,IvanKulibinstartedworkingonahuman-pedalledcarriagewithasteamengine.Hefinishedworkingonitin1791.Someofitsfeaturesincludedaflywheel,brake,gearbox,andbearing,whicharealsothefeaturesofamodernautomobile.Hisdesignhadthreeroadwheels.Unfortunately,aswithmanyofhisinventions,thegovernmentfailedtoseethepotentialmarketanditwasnotdevelopedfurther.

ThefirstautomobilepatentintheUnitedStateswasgrantedtoOliverEvansin1789.In1805,Evansdemonstratedhisfirstsuccessfulself-propelledvehicle,whichnotonlywasthefirstautomobileintheUSA,butwasalsothefirstamphibiousvehicle,ashissteam-poweredvehiclewasabletotravelonroadwheelsonland,andviaapaddlewheelinthewater.

Amongotherefforts,in1815,aprofessoratPraguePolytechnich,JosefBozek,builtanoil-firedsteamcar.7andWalterHancock,builderandoperatorofLondonsteambuses,in1838builtafour-seatsteamphaeton.

Electricautomobiles

In1828,ÁnyosJedlik,aHungarianwhoinventedanearlytypeofelectricmotor,createdatinymodelcarpoweredbyhisnewmotor.In1834,VermontblacksmithThomasDavenport,theinventorofthefirstAmericanDCelectricalmotor,installedhismotorinasmallmodelcar,whichheoperatedonashortcircularelectrifiedtrack.In1835,ProfessorSibrandusStratinghofGroningen,theNetherlandsandhisassistantChristopherBeckercreatedasmall-scaleelectricalcar,poweredbynon-rechargeableprimarycells.In1838,ScotsmanRobertDavidsonbuiltanelectriclocomotivethatattainedaspeedof4milesperhour（6 km/h）.InEngland,apatentwasgrantedin1840fortheuseofrailtracksasconductorsofelectriccurrent,andsimilarAmericanpatentswereissuedtoLilleyandColtenin1847.Between1832and1839（theexactyearisuncertain）,RobertAndersonofScotlandinventedthefirstcrudeelectriccarriage,poweredbynon-rechargeableprimarycells.

Internalcombustionengines（内燃机）

1885-builtBenzPatentMotorwagen,thefirstcartogointoproductionwithaninternalcombustionengine

1870,Vienna,Austria:

world'sgasoline-runvehicle#1,theFirstMarcusCar

SecondMarcusCarof1888（TechnicalMuseumVienna）

Earlyattemptsatmakingandusinginternalcombustionengineswerehamperedbythelackofsuitablefuels,particularlyliquids,andtheearliestenginesusedgasmixtures.

Earlyexperimentersusinggassesincluded,in1806,SwissengineerFrançoisIsaacdeRivazwhobuiltaninternalcombustionenginepoweredbyahydrogenandoxygenmixture,andin1826,EnglishmanSamuelBrownwhotestedhishydrogen-fuelledinternalcombustionenginebyusingittopropelavehicleupShooter'sHillinsoutheastLondon.Belgian-bornEtienneLenoir'sHippomobilewithahydrogengas-fuelledone-cylinderinternalcombustionenginemadeatestdrivefromParistoJoinville-le-Pontin1860,coveringsomeninekilometresinaboutthreehours.Alaterversionwaspropelledbycoalgas.ADelamare-Debouttevillevehiclewaspatentedandtrialledin1884.

About1870,inVienna,Austria（thentheAustro-HungarianEmpire）,inventorSiegfriedMarcusputaliquid-fueledinternalcombustionengineonasimplehandcartwhichmadehimthefirstmantopropelavehiclebymeansofgasoline.Today,thiscarisknownas"thefirstMarcuscar".In1883,MarcussecuredaGermanpatentforalow-voltageignitionsystemofthemagnetotype;thiswashisonlyautomotivepatent.Thisdesignwasusedforallfurtherengines,andthefour-seat"secondMarcuscar"of1888/89.Thisignition,inconjunctionwiththe"rotating-brushcarburetor",madethesecondcar'sdesignveryinnovative.

Itisgenerallyacknowledgedthatthefirstreallypracticalautomobileswithpetrol/gasoline-poweredinternalcombustionengineswerecompletedalmostsimultaneouslybyseveralGermaninventorsworkingindependently:

KarlBenzbuilthisfirstautomobilein1885inMannheim.Benzwasgrantedapatentforhisautomobileon29January1886,andbeganthefirstproductionofautomobilesin1888,afterBerthaBenz,hiswife,hadprovedwiththefirstlong-distancetripinAugust1888-fromMannheimtoPforzheimandback-thatthehorselesscoachwasabsolutelysuitablefordailyuse.Since2008aBerthaBenzMemorialRoutecommemoratesthisevent.

Soonafter,GottliebDaimlerandWilhelmMaybachinStuttgartin1889designedavehiclefromscratchtobeanautomobile,ratherthanahorse-drawncarriagefittedwithanengine.Theyalsoareusuallycreditedasinventorsofthefirstmotorcyclein1886,butItaly'sEnricoBernardi,oftheUniversityofPadua,in1882,patenteda0.024horsepower（17.9 W）122 cc（7.4 cu in）one-cylinderpetrolmotor,fittingitintohisson'stricycle,makingitatleastacandidateforthefirstautomobile,andfirstmotorcycle;Bernardienlargedthetricyclein1892tocarrytwoadults.

Oneofthefirstfour-wheeledpetrol-drivenautomobilesinBritainwasbuiltinBirminghamin1895byFrederickWilliamLanchester,whoalsopatentedthediscbrakeandthefirstelectricstarter,wasinstalledonanArnold,inacopyoftheBenzVelo,builtbetween1895and1898.

Inalltheturmoil,manyearlypioneersarenearlyforgotten.In1891,JohnWilliamLambertbuiltathree-wheelerinOhioCity,Ohio,whichwasdestroyedinafirethesameyear,whileHenryNadigconstructedafour-wheelerinAllentown,Pennsylvania.Itislikelytheywerenottheonlyones.

Veteranera

TheFrench1898RenaultVoiturette

ThefirstproductionofautomobileswasbyKarlBenzin1888inGermanyand,underlicencefromBenz,inFrancebyEmileRoger.Therewerenumerousothers,includingtricyclebuildersRudolfEgg,EdwardButler,andLéonBollée.Bollée,usinga650 cc（40 cu in）engineofhisowndesign,enabledhisdriver,Jamin,toaverage45kilometresperhour（28.0 mph）inthe1897Paris-Tourvillerally.By1900,massproductionofautomobileshadbeguninFranceandtheUnitedStates.ThefirstcompanyformedexclusivelytobuildautomobileswasPanhardetLevassorinFrance,whichalsointroducedthefirstfour-cylinderengine.Formedin1889,PanhardwasquicklyfollowedbyPeugeottwoyearslater.Bythestartofthe20thcentury,theautomobileindustrywasbeginningtotakeoffinwesternEurope,especiallyinFrance,where30,204wereproducedin1903,representing48.8%ofworldautomobilep