Historical Timeline of Nuclear Medicine 核医学的发展史.docx
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HistoricalTimelineofNuclearMedicine核医学的发展史
HistoricalTimeline
Important MomentsintheHistoryofNuclearMedicine
1896
HenriBecquereldiscoveredmysterious"rays"fromuranium.
1897
MarieCurienamedthemysteriousrays"radioactivity."
1901
HenriAlexandreDanlosandEugeneBlochplacedradiumincontactwithatuberculousskinlesion.
1903
AlexanderGrahamBellsuggestedplacingsourcescontainingradiuminorneartumors.
1913
FrederickProescherpublishedthefirststudyontheintravenousinjectionofradiumfortherapyofvariousdiseases.
1914
Seilstudiedtheappearanceofradonandradiuminexcretaafteranintravenousinjectionofradium.
1924
GeorgdeHevesy,J.A.ChristiansenandSvenLomholtperformedthefirstradiotracer(lead-210andbismuth-210)studiesinanimals.
1925
HerrmanBlumgartandOttoYensusedbismuth-214(radium-C)todeterminethearm-to-armcirculationtimeinpatients.
1932
ErnestO.LawrenceandM.StanleyLivingstonpublishedthefirstarticleon"theproductionofhighspeedlightionswithouttheuseofhighvoltages."Itwasamilestoneintheproductionofusablequantitiesofradionuclides.
1935
O.ChieivitzandGeorgdeHevesyadministeredphosphatelabeledwithphosphorus-32toratsanddemonstratedtherenewalofthemineralconstituentsofbone.
1936
JohnH.Lawrence,thebrotherofErnest,madethefirstclinicaltherapeuticapplicationofanartificialradionuclidewhenheusedphosphorus-32totreatleukemia.
1936
JosephGilbertHamiltonandRobertSpencerStoneadministeredsodium-24toaleukemiapatient.
1937
JohnLivingood,FredFairbrotherandGlennSeaborgdiscoverediron-59.
1937
JosephGilbertHamiltonperformedthefirstmedicalphysiologystudiesofthedynamicsofsodiumtransportinthebody.
1937
SaulHertz,ArthurRobertsandRobleyEvansstudiedthyroidphysiologyusingiodine-128
1938
JohnLivingoodandGlennSeaborgdiscoverediodine-131andcobalt-60.
1938
EmilioSegreandGlennSeaborgdiscoveredtechnetium-99m.
1939
JosephGilbertHamilton,MayoSoleyandRobleyEvanspublishedthefirstpaperonthediagnosticusesofiodine-131inpatients
1939
CharlesPecherobserveduptakeofstrontium-89inbonemetastases
1939
MartinKamenandSamRubendiscoveredhowtomakecarbon-14,aradioactivetracerwidelyusedinmedicalanddrugresearch.
1940
TheRockefellerFoundationfundedthefirstcyclotrondedicatedforbiomedicalradioisotopeproductionatWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis.
1941
SaulHertzgaveapatientthefirsttherapeuticdoseofiodine-130.
1942
EnricoFermiandhisassociatesdemonstratedthefirstcontrolledchainreactionunderthebleachersatStaggFieldattheUniversityofChicago.
1946
AllenReidandAlbertKestondiscoverediodine-125,whichbecameimportantinthefieldofradioimmunoassay.
1946
SamuelM.Seidlin,LeoD.MarinelliandEleanorOshrytreatedapatientwiththyroidcancerwithiodine-131,an"atomiccocktail."
1947
BenedictCassenusedradioiodinetodeterminewhetherathyroidnoduleaccumulatesiodine,helpingtodifferentiatebenignfrommalignantnodules.
1947
GeorgeMooreusediodine-131labeleddiiodofluoresceinto"probe"thebrainfortumorsatsurgery.
1948
AbbottLaboratoriesbegandistributionofradioistopes.
1949
B.Selverstoneusedphosphorus-32todetectbraintumorsatsurgerywithaprobedetector.
1950
K.R.CrispellandJohnP.Storaasliusediodine-131labeledhumanserumalbumin(RISA)forimagingthebloodpoolwithintheheart.
1950
AbbottLaboratoriessoldthefirstcommercialradiopharmaceutical,iodine-131humanserumalbumin(RISA).
1951
TheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)approvedsodiumiodide1-131forusewiththyroidpatients.ItwasthefirstFDA-approvedradiopharmaceutical.
1951
BenedictCassen,LawrenceCurtis,CliftonReedandRaymondLibbyautomatedascintillationdetectorto"scan"thedistributionofradioiodinewithinthethyroidgland.
1953
GordonBrownellandH.H.Sweetbuiltapositrondetectorbasedonthedetectionofannihilationphotonsbymeansofcoincidencecounting.
1953
RobertF.SchillinginventedatestofvitaminB-12absorption,whichplaysakeyroleinnuclearhematology.
1954
DavidKuhlinventedaphotorecordingsystemforradionuclidescanning.Thisdevelopmentmovednuclearmedicinefurtherinthedirectionofradiology.
1955
RexHuffmeasuredthecardiacoutputinmanusingiodine-131humanserumalbumin.
1955
GeorgeV.Taplinusediodine-131labeledrosebengaltoimagetheliver.Healsousedradioiodinatedhippurantomeasurekidneyfunctionwithscintillationdetectors.
1957
W.D.Tucker'sgroupattheBrookhavenNationalLaboratoryinventedtheiodine-132andtechnetium-99mgenerator,makingtheseshort-livedradionuclidesavailableatdistantsitesfromtheproductionoftheparentradionuclides.
1957
H.Knippingusedxenon-133tomeasurelungventilation.
1958
HalAngerinventedthe"scintillationcamera,"animagingdevicethatmadeitpossibletoconductdynamicstudies.
1959
SolomonBersonandRosalynYalowinventedthetechniqueofradioimmunoassaytodetectinsulinantibodiesinhumanserum.
1959
PickerX-RayCompanydeliveredthefirst3-inchrectilinearscanner.
1960
LouisG.Stang,Jr.,andPowell(Jim)Richardsadvertisedtechnetium-99mandothergeneratorsforsalebyBrookhavenNationalLaboratory.Technetium-99mhadnotyetbeenusedinnuclearmedicine.
1960
JohnMcAfeeandHenryWagnerimagedthekidneyswithradiomercurylabeledchlormerodrin.
1961
Allis-ChalmersinstalledthefirstU.S."medicalcenter"cyclotronatWashingtonUniversityMedicalSchool.ThecyclotronwasdesignedbyM.M.Ter-Pogossian.
1962
DavidKuhlintroducedemissionreconstructiontomography.ThismethodlaterbecameknownasSPECTandPET.ItwasextendedinradiologytotransmissionX-rayscanning,knownasCT.
1962
JohnKuranz,NuclearChicago,deliveredthefirstcommercialAngercameratoWilliamMyersatOhioStateUniversity.
1963
TheFDAexemptedthe"newdrug"requirementsforradiopharmaceuticalsregulatedbytheAtomicEnergyCommission.
1963
HenryWagnerfirstusedradiolabeledalbuminaggregatesforimaginglungperfusioninnormalpersonsandpatientswithpulmonaryembolism.
1963
GeorgeV.Taplindevelopedalbuminaggregatesforstudyofphagocytosisbythereticuloendothelialsystem.
1963
B.AnsellandB.M.Cookusedradiolabeledcolloidsforradiationsynovectomy.
1964
TheFDAexemptedthe"newdrug"requirementsforradiopharmaceuticalsregulatedbytheAtomicEnergyCommission.
1964
PaulHarperandKatherineLathrupdevelopedradiotracerslabeledwithTc-99mforthestudyofbrain,thyroidandliver.
1964
Amershammarketedthefirstcommercialradioimmunoassaykit(iodine-125insulinkit).
1968
HenryWagnerandcolleaguesusedxenon-133ventilationscanstodiagnosepulmonaryembolism.
1969
C.L.Edwardsreportedtheaccumulationofgallium-67incancer.
1970
W.EckelmanandP.RichardsdevelopedTc-99m"instantkit"radiopharmaceuticals.ThefirstonewasTc-99m-DTPA.
1970
TheFDAannouncedthatitwouldgraduallywithdrawtheexemptiongrantedtoradiopharmaceuticalsandstartregulatingthemasdrugs.ThechangewouldbecompletedbyJanuary20,1977.
1971
TheAmericanMedicalAssociationofficiallyrecognizednuclearmedicineasamedicalspeciality.
1971
GopalSubramanianandJohnMcAfeeintroducedTc-99mlabeledphosphatesforboneimaging.
1972
DavidKuhlperformedthefirstquantitativemeasurementofcerebralbloodvolumeinlivingpatients.
1973
H.WilliamStraussintroducedtheexercisestress-testmyocardialscan.
1973
ElliotLebowitzintroducedthallium-201formyocardialperfusionimaging,firstproposedbyKawana.
1973
DavidGoldenbergdemonstratedthatradiolabeledantibodiesagainstahumantumorantigen(CEA)couldtargetandimagehumantumorsinanimals.
1976
JohnKeyesdevelopedthefirstgeneralpurposesinglephotoemissioncomputedtomography(SPECT)camera.RonaldJaszczakdevelopedthefirstdedicatedheadSPECTcamera.
1976
N.Firusianusedstrontium-89toreducepainfrommetastaticbonedisease.
1976
RonaldJaszczakdevelopedthefirstdedicatedheadSPECTcamera.
1977
TheFDArequiredmanufacturerstoobtainanapprovednewdrugapplicationfornewandexistingradiopharmaceuticals.Therequirementsareessentiallythesameasthoseforotherprescriptiondrugs.
1977
NewEnglandNuclearreceivedFDAapprovaltodistributethallium-201formyocardialperfusionandthediagnosisandlocationofmyocardialinfarction.
1978
DavidGoldenbergusedradiolabeledantibodiestoimagetumorsinhumans.
1981
J.P.Machusedradiolabeledmonoclonalantibodiesfortumorimaging.
1981
K.A.Krohn,D.R.VeraandS.M.SteffendevelopedthefirstTc-99mlabeledreceptorligand.
1982
SteveLarsonandJeffCarrasquillotreatedcancerpatientswithmalignantmelanomausingiodine-131labeledmonoclonalantibodies.
1983
WilliamEckelmanandRichardRebacarriedoutthefirstsuccessfulSPECTimagingofaneuroreceptorinhumans.
1983
HenryWagnercarriedoutthefirstsuccessfulPETimagingofaneuroreceptorusinghimselfastheexperimentalsubject.
1987
Medi-PhysicsreceivedFDAapprovaltomarketthefirstbrainperfusionimagingradiopharmaceutical,iodine-123IMP.
1988
ThefirstTc-99mbrainperfusionradiopharmaceutical,introducedbyAmersham,wasapprovedbytheFDAforthediagnosisofstroke.
1989
TheFDAapprovedthefirstpositronradiopharmaceutical(rubidium-82)formyocardialperfusionimaging.
1990
SteveLambertsandEricKrenningimagedendocrinetumorswithsomatostatinreceptor-bindingradiotracers.
1990
LoyolaUniversityNuclearInformationSystem(LUNIS),thefirsteducationalworldwideinteractivecomputernetworkfornucle