职称英语第六部分 完形填空.docx

职称英语第六部分 完形填空.docx

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职称英语第六部分完形填空

第六部分完形填空

第二篇AvalancheandItsSafety

Anavalanchesisasuddenandrapidflowofsnow,oftenmixedwithairandwater,downamountainside.Avalanchesareamongthebiggestdangersinthemountainsforbothlifeandproperty.

Allavalanchescausedbyanover-burdenofmaterial,typicallysnowpack,thatistoomassiveandunstablefortheslopethatsupportsit.Determiningthecriticalload,theamountofover-burdenwhichislikelytocauseanavalanche,isacomplextaskinvolvingtheevaluationofanumberoffactors.

Terrainslopesflatterthan25degreesorsteeperthan60degreestypicallyhavealowriskofavalanche.Snowdoesnotgathersignificantlyonsteepslopes.Also,snowdoesnotfloweasilyonflatslopes.human-triggeredavalancheshavethegreatestincidencewhenthesnow’sangleofrestisbetween35and45degeers;thecriticalangle,theangleatwhichthehumanincidenceofavalanchesisgreatest,is38degeers.theruleofthumbis:

Aslopethatisflatregardlessoftheangle.Additionally,avalanches]riskincreaseswithuse;thatis,themoreaslopeisdisturbedbyskies,themorelikelyitisthatanavalancheswilloccur.

Duetothecomplexityofthesubject,wintertravellinginthebackcountryisnever100%safe.Goodavalanchesafetyisacontinuousprocess,includingrouteselectionandexaminationofthesnowpack,weatherconditions,andhumanfactors.Severalwell-knowngoodhabitscanalsoreducetherisk.Iflocalauthoritiesissueavalancheriskreports,theyshouldbeconsideredandallwarningsshouldbepaidattentionto.Neverfollowinthetracksofotherswithoutyourownevaluation;snowconditionsarealmostcertaintohavechangedsincetheyweremade.Observetheterrainandnoteobviousavalanchepathswhereplantsaremissingordamaged.Avoidtravelingbelowotherswhomighttriggeranavalanche.

第四篇Animal’s“SixthSense”

AtsunamiwastriggeredbyanearthquakeintheIndianOceaninDecember,2004.ItkilledtensofthousandsofpeopleinAsiaandEastAfrica.Wildanimals,however,seemtohaveescapedthatterribletsunami.Thisphenomenonaddsweighttonotionsthattheypossessa“sixthsense”fordisasters,expertssaid.

SriLankanwildlifeofficialshavesaidthegiantwavesthatkilledover24000peoplealongtheIndianOceanisland’scoastclearlymissedwildbeasts,withnodeadanimalsfound.

“Noelephantsaredead,notevenadeadrabbit.Ithinkanimalcansensedisaster.Theyhaveasixthsense.Theyknowwhenthinkarehappening,”H.D.Ratnayake,thewaveswashedfloodwaterupto2milesinlandatYalaNationalParkintheravagedsoutheast,SirLanka’sbiggestwildlifereserveandhometohundredsofwildelephantsandseveralleopards.

“Therehasbeenalotofapparentevidenceaboutdogsbarkingorbirdsmigratingbeforevolcaniceruptionsorearthquakes.Buthasnotbeenproven,”saidMatthewvanLierop,ananimalbehaviorspecialistatJohannesburgZoo.

“Therehavebeennospecificstudiesbecauseyoucan’treallytestitinalaborfieldsetting,”hetoldReuters.Otherauthoritiesconcurredwiththisassessment.

“Wildlifeseemtobeabletopickupcertainphenomenon,especiallybirds...theyaremanyreportsofbirdsdetectingimpendingdisaster,”saidCliveWalker,whohaswrittenseveralbooksonAfricanwildlife.

Animalcertainlyrelyontheknownsensessuchassmallorhearingtoavoiddangersuchaspredators.

Thenotionofananimal“sixthsense“-orsomeothermythicalpower–isanenduringonewhichtheevidenceonsirLanka’sravagedcoastislikelytoaddto.

TheRomanssawowlsasomensofimpendingdisasterandmanyancientculturesviewedelephantsassacredanimalendowedwithspecialpowerorattributes.

第七篇AnIntelligentCar

Drivingneedssharpeyes,keenears,quickbrain,andcoordinationbetweenhandsandthebrain.Manyhumandrivershavealltheseandcancontrolafast-movingcar.Buthowdoesanintelligentcarcontrolitself?

Thereisavirtualdriverinthesmartcar.Thisvirtualdriverhas“eyes”,“brains”,“hands”and“feet”,too.Theminicamerasoneachsideofthecararehis“eyes”,whichobserbetheroadconditionsaheadofit.Theywatchthetraffictothecar’sleftandright.Thereisalsoahighlyautomaticdrivingsysteminthecar.Itisthebuilt-incomputer,whichisthevirtualdriver’s“brain”.His“brain”calculatesthespeedsofothermovingcarsnearitandanalyzestheirpositions.Basingonthisinformation,itchoosestherightpathfortheintelligentcar,andgivesinstructionstothe“hands”and“feet”toactaccordingly.Inthisway,thevirtualdrivercontrolshiscar.

Whatisthevirtualdriver’sbestadvantage?

Hereactsquickly.Theminicamerasaresendingimagescontinuouslytothe“brain”.Itcompletestheprocessingoftheimageswithin100milliseconds.However,theworld’sbestdriveratleastneedsonesecondtoreact.Besides,whenhetakesaction,heneedsonemoresecond.

Thewirtualdriverisreallywonderful.Hecanreducetheaccidentrateconsiderablyonexpressways.Inthiscase,canwelethimhavethewheelatanytimeandinanyplace?

Expertswarnthatwecannotdothatjustyet.Hisabilitytorecognizethingsisstilllimited.Hecannowonlydriveanintelligentcaronexpressways.

第八篇ABiologicalClock

Everylivingthinghaswhatscientistscallabiologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.Thebiologicalclocktellsplantswhentoformflowersandwhentheflowersshouldopen.Ittellsinsectswhentoleavetheprotectivecocoonsandflyaway,andittellsanimalsandhumanbeingswhentoeat,sleepandwake.

Eventsoutsidetheplantandanimalaffecttheactionsofsomebiologicalclocks.Scientistsrecentlyfound,forexample,thatatinyanimalchangesthecolorofitsfurbecauseofthenumberofhoursofdaylight.Intheshortdaysofwinter,itsfurbecomeswhite.Thefurbecomesgraybrownincolorinthelongerhoursofdaylightinsummer.

Innersignalscontrolotherbiologicalclocks.Germanscientistsfoundthatsomekindofinternalclockseemstoorderbirdstobegintheirlongmigrationflighttwiceeachyear.Birdspreventedfromflyingbecomerestlesswhenitistimeforthetrip,buttheybecomecalmagainwhenthetimeoftheflighthasended.

Scientistssaytheyarebeginningtolearnwhichpartsofthebraincontainbiologicalclocks.AnAmericanresearcher,MartinMoorhead,saidasmallgroupofcellsnearthefrontofthebrainseemstocontrolthetimingofsomeofouractions.Thesecellstellapersonwhentoawaken,whentosleepandwhentoseekfood.Scientistssaythereprobablyareotherbiologicalclockcellsthatcontrolotherbodyactivities.

Dr.Moorheadisstudyinghowourbiologicalclocksaffectthewaywedoourwork.Forexample,mostofushavegreatdifficultyifwemustoftenchangetodifferentworkhours.

Itcantakemanydaysforahumanbodytoacceptthemajorchangeinworkhours.Dr.Moorheadsaidindustrialofficialsshouldhaveabetterunderstandingofbiologicalclocksandhowtheyaffectworkers.Hesaidsuchunderstandingcouldcutsicknessandaccidentsatworkandwouldhelpincreaseafactory'sproduction.

第一篇CaptainCookArrowLegend

Itwasagreatlegendwhileitlasted,butDNAtestinghasfinallyendedatwo-century-oldstoryoftheHawaiianarrowcarvedformtheboneofBritishexporerCaptainJamesCookwhodiedintheSandwichIslandin1779.

“ThereisnoCookintheAustralianMuseum,”museumcollectionmanagerJudePhilipesaidnolongagoinannouncingtheDNAevidencethatthearrowwasnomadeofCook’sbone.Butwillnostopthemuseumfromcontinuingtodisplaythearrowinitsexhibition,“Uncovered:

TreasuresoftheAustralianMuseum,”whichdoesincludeafeathercapepresentedtoCookbyHawaiiaKingKalani’opu’uin1778.

CookwasoneofBritain,sgreatexporersandiscreditedwithdiscoveringthe“GreatSouthLand,”nowAustralia,in1770.HewasclubbedtodeathintheSandwichIsland,nowHawaii.

ThelegendofCook’sarrowbeganin1824whenHawaiiaKingKamehamehaonhisdeathbedgavethethearrowtoWilliawAdams,aLondonsurgeonandrelativeofCook’swife,sayingitwasmadeofCook’sboneafterthefatalfightwithislangers.

Inthe1980sthearrowwasgiventotheAustralianMuseumandthelegendcontinueduntilitcameface-to-facewithscince.

DNAtestingbyaboratoriesinAustraliaandNewZealandrevealedthearrowwasnotmadeofCook’sbonebutwasmorelikelymadeofanimalbone,saidPhilp.

However,Cook’sfansrefusetogiveuphopetheoneCooklegendwillprovetrueandthatpartofhisremainswillstillbeUncovered,astheysaythereisevidencenotallofCook’sbodywasburiedatseain1779.“Onthisoccasiontechnologyhaswon,”saidCliffThornton,presidentoftheCaptainCookSociety,inastatementfromBritain."ButIamsurethatoneofthesedays…oneoftheCooklegendswillprovetobetrueanditwillhappenoneday.”

第六篇CarThievesCouldBeStoppedRemotely

Speedingoffinastolencar,thethiefthinkshehasagreatcatch.Butheisinanatysurprise.Thecarisfittedwitharemoteimmobilizer,andaradiosignalformacontrolcentermilesawaywillensurethatoncethethiefswitchestheengineoff,hewillnotbeabletostartitagain.

Fornow,suchdevicesareonlyavailableforfleetsoftrucksandspecialistvehiclesusedonconstructionsites.Butremoteimmobilizationtechnologycouldsoonstarttotrickledowntoordinartcars,andshouldbeabailabletoordinarycarsintheUKintuomonths.

Theideagoeslikethis.Acontrolboxfittedtothecarincorporatesaminiaturecellphone,amicroprocessorandmemory,andaGPSsatellitepositioningreceiver.Ifthecarisstolen,acodedcellphonesignalwilltelltheunittoblockthevehicle’senginemanag