英美诗歌解读.docx
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英美诗歌解读
WilliamShakespeare
I.BackgroundInformation
WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)wasthegreatestfigureofEnglishliterature.Inhislifetime,hewrote37plays,twolongnarrativepoemsVenusandAdonis(1593)andTheRapeofLucrece(1594)and154sonnets.Thoughhewasalwaystakenasthegreatestdramatistofhisday,hisgeniusforpoeticcreationwasalsoshinningbrightinhissonnets.Hissonnetsweremainlydedicatedto“W.H.”,ayoungman―maybehisfriendorpatron.Sonnets1-126mainlydiscusshisfriendshipwithahandsomeyoungmanandSonnets127-152areaboutamysterious“darklady”,whoisthoughttobethepoet’sidealwoman.Thelasttwosonnetshavenorelationshipwiththeothers.Themainthemeofhissonnetsisloveandfriendship.
Sonnetisalyricpoemconsistingofasinglestanzaof14iambicpentameterlineslinkedbyanintricaterhymescheme.TherearetwomajorpatternsofrhymeinsonnetswritteninEnglish.TheItalianorPetrarchansonnet(namedafterthe14thcenturyItalianpoetPetrarch)comprisesanoctave(8lines)rhymingabbaabbaandasestet(6lines)rhymingcdecdeorcdccdc.Thetransitionfromoctavetosestetusuallycoincideswitha‘turn’intheargumentormoodofthepoem.TheEnglishorShakespeareansonnet(namedafteritsgreatestpractitioner)comprisesthreequatrainsandafinalcouplet,rhymingababcdcdefefgg.The‘turn’comeswiththefinalcouplet,whichmaysometimesachieveanepigram.Therewasonenotablevariant,theSpenseriansonnet,inwhichSpenserlinkedeachquatraintothenextbyacontinuingrhyme:
ababbcbccdcdee.TherearethreefamoussonnetsequencesintheElizabethanAge----Spenser’sAmoretti,Shakespeare’ssonnetsandSidney’sAstrophelandStella.
Sonnet18
A.Pre-readingquestionsforclassroomdiscussion
Takingthispoemasasample,carefullyexplainthestructure,turningpoint,conclusionandrhymeschemeofShakespeareansonnet.
Whydoesthepoetcomparehislovetoasummer’sday?
B.Teachingpointsexceptthatinthebook
ThispoemisShakespeare’smostfrequentlyquotedsonnet.
Theme:
Thepoetsingspraiseofhisfriend,andthinksthathispoetrywillbringeternitytotheoneheloves.ThepoemfollowsthetraditionalthemeforpoetryintheElizabethanperiod,thatis,poetrycanbringeternitytotheonehelovesandeulogizes.Fromthepoemwecanseethatthepoethasconfidenceinhispoetryandhethinksthathispoemswillbeeverlastinginhumanworld.Healsoshowsloveforandcelebrationofhisfriend,theyoungman.
ItiswritteninShakespeareansonnetrhymingabab,cdcd,efef,gg
C.Questionsforstudyanddiscussion
Explainthefunctionofvariationinmetricalpatternofthispoem,suchasthetrochee“ShallI”orthespondee“Roughwind”forstress.
What’sthethemeofthepoem?
Canyounamesomepoemswiththesameidea?
Analyzethedevelopmentofthoughtinthissonnet.
PartThreeJohnMilton
I.BackgroundInformation
JohnMilton(1608-1674)isagreatrevolutionarypoetofthe17thcentury.HeisalsoanoutstandingpoliticalpamphleteeroftheRevolutionperiod.Hededicatedhimselftotherevolutionarycause.HemadeastronginfluenceonthelaterEnglishpoetry.EveryprogressiveEnglishpoetsinceMiltonhasdrawninspirationfromhim.
Miltonisagreatstylist.Hispoetryhasagrandstyle.Thatisbecausehemadealife-longstudyofclassicalandBiblicalliterature.Hispoetryisnotedforsublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.Miltonisalsodifficulttoread,becauseofhisinvolvedstylewithfrequentinversionsandverycomplicatedsentencestructure.Hissentencesareoftenlong.Yet,toexpresshissublimityofthought,hewroteinastylethatisunsurpassedinitssonority,eloquence,majestyandgrandeur―theMiltonicstyle.
Miltonisagreatmasterofblankverse.Heisthegloriouspioneertointroduceblankverseintonondramaticpoetry.Hehasuseditasthemaintoolinhismasterpiece“ParadiseLost”.Hisblankverseisrichineverypoeticqualityandnevermonotonous.
Blankverseistheversewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.ItistheverseformusedinsomeofthegreatestEnglishpoetry,includingthatofWilliamShakespeareandJohnMilton.
PartTwoWilliamBlake
I.BackgroundInformation
WilliamBlake(1757-1827),“themostspiritualartist”,wasamajorprophetoftheRomanticMovementandoftherevoltagainstthemechanicaltyrannyofthecapitalistworld.HisachievementwasabreakthroughintotheRomanticMovement.
Blakereceivedlittleformaleducation,buthewaskeptwellsuppliedwithbooksandprintsofgreatpaintings.HisfavoritestudieswereShakespeare,MiltonandChatterton.SomeobjectorsofBlakecalledhimmadman.Maybethiseccentricityhelpedtoshapehimintoapoet.
Blakewasoneoftherevolutionarythinkersofthattime.HissupportoftheFrenchRevolution(1789)waslife-long.
BlakewascalledaforerunneroftheRomanticMovement.ThegreatnessofBlakeliesinhismastery,inartandverse,ofanextremeandmovingsimplicity.WilliamWordsworththuscommentedonBlake:
“ThereissomethinginthemadnessofthismanwhichinterestsmemorethanthesanityofLordByronorWalterScott.”Blake’slyricpoetrydisplaysthecharacteristicsoftheromanticspirit.What’smore,Blake’srevolutionarypassionwasverymuchsimilartothatofShelley,esp.inimageryandsymbolism.
Pre-romanticism:
ageneraltermappliedbymodernliteraryhistorianstoanumberofdevelopmentsinlate18thcenturyculturethatarethoughttohavepreparedthegroundofRomanticisminitsfullsense.Invariousways,thesearealldeparturesfromtheorderlyframeworkofneoclassicismanditsauthorizedgenres.
TheTyger
A.Pre-readingquestionsforclassroomdiscussion
1.Identifytherhymeschemeofthispoem?
2.Whatdoesthetigerrepresentinthispoem?
B.Teachingpointsexceptthatinthebook
ThisischosenfromSongsofExperience.
Thispoemiswrittenin6quatrainsinrhymingcouplets
Tyger:
tiger.HereitrepresentsthegreatpoweroftherevolutionarypeopleinEngland
burningbright:
指老虎的眼睛在黑暗中发出炽烈的光
thefearfulsymmetry:
可怕的匀称
deeps:
seas
he:
God,指造物者
aspire:
risehigh
seizethefire:
seizethefire(ofthineeyes)
shoulder:
指肩膀的力量
art:
skills
twistthesinewsofthyheart:
拧制你心脏的筋肉。
Sinews:
筋,腱
dread:
dreadful
thehammer,thechain,furnace,anvil:
articlesrelatedtoworkwithiron.Inthisstanza,theimageofblacksmithisusedtosymbolizethecreatoroftiger.
grasp:
arms
spears:
tears
theLamb:
JesustheChrist
C.Questionsforstudyanddiscussion
1.What’sBlake’sattitudetowardreligioninthispoem?
2.What’sthemainideaofthepoem?
PartOneWilliamWordsworth
I.BackgroundInformation
WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)istherepresentativeofthePassiveRomanticpoets,whoexpressedthedeepestaspirationsofEnglishRomanticism.Hesawnatureandmanwithneweyes.Hiswholeworkisanattempttocommunicatethatnewvision.
Hispoetryisdistinguishedbythesimplicityandpurityofhislanguage.Itwashistheorythatthelanguagespokenbythepeasantswhenpurifiedfromitsdefectswasthebestofall.
ThepoeticidealsannouncedbyWordsworthandColeridgeprovidedamajorinspirationforthebrilliantyoungwriterwhomadeupthesecondgenerationofEnglishRomanticpoets.
Romanticism:
amovementthatflourishedinliterature,philosophy,musicandartinWesterncultureduringmostofthe19thcentury,beginningasarevoteagainstclassicism.TherehavebeenmanyvarietiesofRomanticisminmanydifferenttimesandplaces.
ManyoftheideasofEnglishRomanticismwerefirstexpressedbyWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTalorColeridge.ItprevailedinEnglandduringtheperiod1798-1832.Romanticistsexpressedtheideologyandsentimentofthoseclassesandsocialstratathatwerediscontentwithandopposedtothedevelopmentofcapitalism.Theysplitintotwogroupsbecauseofthedifferentattitudestowardthecapitalistsociety.
ThePassiveRomanticpoetsortheLakepoetsarerepresentedbyWordsworth,ColeridgeandSouthey.TheActiveorRevolutionaryRomanticpoetsarerepresentedbyByron,ShelleyandKeats.
II.Selectedpoem
TheSolitaryReaper
A.Pre-readingquestionsforclassroomdiscussion
1.What’sthemainideaofthepoem?
2.Identifytherhymeschemeofthepoem?
B.Teachingpointsexceptthatinthebook
ThispoemisoneoftherarepoemsnotbasedonWordsworth’sownexperience.WordsworthtellsthatitwassuggestedbyapassageinThomasWilkinson’sTourofScotland(1824),whichhehadseeninMS:
“Passedbyafemalewhowasreapingalone,shesanginErse(theGaeliclanguageofScotland)asshebendedoverhersickle,thesweetesthumanvoiceIeverheard.Herstrainsweretenderlymelancholy,andfeltdeliciouslongaftertheywereheardnomore.”
Theme:
Thepoetsingspraiseoftheordinarypeopleworkinginnature.
Therhymeschemeofthestanzasisababccdd
Yon:
yonder那边的,远处的
Highland:
苏格兰高地的
strain:
melody
chaunt:
chant/sing
welcomenotes:
pleasantmusicorsongs
wearybandsoftravelers:
tiredcompaniesoftravelingmerchants
Arabiansands:
Arabiandesert
ne’er:
never
Hebrides:
赫布里底群岛,在苏格兰西北方的大西洋中
Willnoonetellmewhatshesings:
thepoetcan’tunderstandhersong,sinceshesingsinErse(alanguageintheHighlands)
theplaintivenumbers:
sadsongs.Numbers:
songs.
lay:
littlelyricforsinging
whate’er:
whatever
o’erthesicklebending:
bendingoverthesickle
C.Questionsforstudyanddiscussion
Whydoesthespeakersay“Willnoonetellmewhatshesings?
”
Whatwasthemostvividimpressionofthereaperthatthespeakercarriedawaywithhim?
IWanderedLonelyasaCloud
A.Pre-readingquestionsforclassroomdiscussion
1.Doyoulikethispoem?
Why?