届英语专业论文论文正文参考模板Sample 4231.docx

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届英语专业论文论文正文参考模板Sample4231

湖南第一师范学院

毕业论文（设计）

题目（中文）

从亚文化角度分析美国俚语特征

（英文）

TheAnalysisofFeaturesofAmericanSlangfromSub-CulturalPerspective

学生姓名

吴雪平

学号

04b11040826

指导教师

胡启海

系（部）

外语系

专业班级

08级英语10班

完成时间

2013年5月

TheAnalysisofFeaturesofAmericanSlangfromSub-culturalPerspective

By

WUXueping

AThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements

fortheDegreeof

BACHELOROFARTS

DepartmentofForeignLanguage,

HUNANFIRSTNORMALUNIVERSITY

May,2013

毕业论文（设计）作者声明

1．本人提交的毕业论文（设计）是本人在指导教师指导下独立进行研究取得的成果。

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作者签名：

日期:

年月日

摘要

俚语是一种在非正式场合下使用非常广泛的口语形式。

它来源于美国社会的各亚文化群体，包括黑社会、流氓团伙、无业游民、同性恋者、吸毒者、妓女、赌徒囚犯,所以美国俚语都带着亚文化群体的烙印。

本文根据美国社会各亚文化群体所使用的语言特征来分析整个美国的俚语特征。

美国各亚文化群体丰富了美国俚语词汇，因此美国俚语词汇也保留了各亚文化群体特征。

通过比较和分析，美国俚语作为美国英语重要的组成部分，具有立意新奇、幽默生动、富有形象性、易于表达情感、言简意赅等特征。

关键词：

亚文化；美国俚语；俚语特征

I

Abstract

Slang,asahighlycolloquialform,iswidelyusedininformaloccasion.Americanslangoriginatesfromthesubculturegroups,includingjoblessvagrants,soldiers,sailors,detective,criminalsandetc.Therefore,Americanslangischaracterizedbysubculturegroups.ThispapertriestoanalyzethefeaturesofAmericanslangfromsub-culturalperspective.Americansub-culturalgroupshavedeveloped,enlargedandenrichedAmericanslangvocabulary.Asaresult,Americanslangtermsareleftwithdistinctsub-culturalfeatures.Bycomparingandanalyzing,asanimportantpartofAmericanEnglish,slangtermsarecharacterizedbyitscreativeness,humor,irony,expressiveness,liveliness,brevityandobscurity.

Keywords:

subculturegroups;Americanslang;features

II

CONTENTS

摘要I

AbstractII

Chapter1Introduction1

Chapter2AmericanSlangandAmericanSubculture4

2.1AmericanSlangasanInsightintoAmericanCulture4

2.2TheRelationshipBetweenEnglishSlangandStandardEnglish6

2.3TheRelationshipBetweenSlangandSubcultureGroups8

Chapter3SubcultureGroups’SlangandTheirFeatures10

3.1CollegeSlangandItsFeatures10

3.2CriminalSlangandItsFeatures13

3.3PoliticalSlangandItsFeatures15

3.4HomosexualSlangandItsFeatures17

Chapter4FeaturesofAmericanSlang19

4.1BrevityandLiveliness19

4.2NoveltyandFashion19

4.3HumorandIrony20

Chapter5Conclusion22

Bibliography24

Acknowledgements25

III

Chapter1Introduction

ItisestimatedthatthereareatleastsixhundredthousandEnglishwords,fifteenthousandofwhichareslang.AccordingtoFowler,H.W,“ThewordsknownbutnotfrequentlyusedbyAmericanandEnglishpeopleareabouttentotwentythousand.Twothousandofthemareslangwordsaccountingfor10%”（ZhangShishu,1926）.AmericanSlangresearchisindispensableifwewanttoknowmoreaboutAmericanvocabularyandculture.

Therearemoreandmorelinguistsandscholarsstartingtostudyslangbothathomeandabroad.Nomatterwhereweare,wecanhearlocalslangcarryingspecificculture.AmericanslangisasignificantpartofEnglishslang,thusscholarsandlinguistsbothinthewestandinChinapaygreatattentiontoit.ItisknownthatonformaloccasionStandardEnglishistheonlysuitableform.However,whenwithoutrestriction,peoplealwaysprefertousethevividandexpressiveslangratherthanStandardEnglish.

Sinceslangissocloselyrelatedtopeople’sdailylife,manyscholarshavealreadystudiedslangintheirresearchbothinAmericanandBritain,suchasPatridgeandBrook,theymadeafurtherstudyontheprocessofsocializationandtheuseofslang.

Apartfromforeignscholars,manyChinesescholarshavealsoanalyzedslangfromdifferentangles,suchasitsfeatures,functionsandformationsetc.Buttheyseldomstudyslangfromsubcultureperspective.Actually,slang,especiallyAmericanslang,hasagreatdealtodowithsubculture.MostofAmericanslangcomesfromAmericansubculturegroups,sostudyingAmericanslangfromsubculturepointofviewcanhelpusbetterunderstandtheglamorousandpanoramaofAmericansocietyanditsculture.

Itisadmittedthatlanguageandculturehavecloserelationship.Thestudyofculture,especiallysubculture,isofgreatimportanceinthestudyingofslang,whichisalanguagevariety.

However,thehistoryofstudyingsubcultureisshort.Aroundtheworld,thestudyofsubculturehasbegunsincetheSecondWorldWar,uptonow,somescholarshavemadegreatcontributiontosubculture.”

Lee,Gordonhavestudiedsubculturethroughtheirstudies.CCCS,thatistheBirminghamCenterforContemporaryCulturalStudiesalsocontributedtothestudyofsubculture.ChrisJenks,inhisbookSubculture,mainlytalkedaboutsubcultureintermsofitsdefinitionandoriginsetc.KenGelderandSarahThomtonalsoexploredthetheoryofsubcultureintheircollaborationTheSubcultureReaderin1997.（WangBin,2008）

Inaddition,manyChinesescholarsarealsointerestedinsubculture,whichisfurtherdiscussedintheirdissertationandworks,suchasDingLantianandMaoDonghui.

Anysocietyandcountryhasadominantcultureandsubculture.InAmerica,AmericanslangisregardedasaspecialEnglishvarietyspokenbysubculturegroupssuchascriminals,theblacks,drugaddicts,gamblersandetc.Inotherwords,Americanslangcomesfromsub-culturalgroups.

Languageisavehicleforhumancommunication.Slang,asalanguagevariety,isvitalifwewanttolearnalanguagewell.Languagereflectsculture.Beingapartoflanguage,AmericanslangmirrorsAmericanculture.Americanslang,oncescornedbypeople,nowhasappearedinallthemajornewspapers,magazinesandTVwhichmakesitdifficultfornon-nativespeakerstounderstandiftheydonotknowtherealmeaningoftheslang.Therefore,itisabsolutelynecessarytoanalyzeandstudythefeaturesofAmericanslangandthesubculturegroupswhichmainlyusetheAmericanslangtohaveabetterunderstandingofAmericanslang.

ThispaperintendstoanalyzefeaturesofAmericanslangthroughstudyingsubculturegroups.Eachsubculturegrouphasitsownslangandslangusedbydifferentgroupshasitsowncharacteristics.Byanalyzingfeaturesofslangusedbyeachsubculturegroup,wewouldfindoutthattheysharesomecommonfeatureswhichhelpustolearnaboutfeaturesofAmericanslang.

ThenewideaofthispaperliesinthecombinationsoffeaturesofAmericanslangandsubculturegroups.Americanslangoriginatesfromsubculturegroups,soAmericanslangmustbecharacterizedbysubculturegroups.AfteranalyzingfeaturesofAmericanslangusedbyeachsubculturegroup,thepapertriestofigureoutfeaturesofAmericanslang.Besides,althoughmanylinguistsandscholarshavemaderesearchinthefieldofAmericanslangandsubculture,itisnotcommonforthemtostudyAmericanslangfromsub-culturalpointofview.

Chapter2AmericanSlangandAmericanSubculture

Language,usedasthebasicvehicletotransmitbeliefs,valuesandnorm,isasignificantandspecialpartofcultureandaffectedbyculture.AsavarietyofEnglish,AmericanslangdeeplymirrorsAmericanculture.SinceAmericanslangoriginatesfromsubculturegroups,itisnecessarytotakealookattherelationshipbetweenAmericanslanganditssub-culturalgroups.

2.1AmericanSlangasanInsightintoAmericanCulture

Noonewoulddenythefactthatlanguageandculturehaveacloserelationship.Sapirbelievesthecloserelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture,maintainingthattheyareinextricablyrelatedsothatyoucouldnotunderstandorappreciatetheonewithouttheknowledgeoftheother.

Languageandcultureareinadialecticalrelationship:

languageisanintegralpartofcultureandinfluencedbyculture.Itistheprimaryvehiclebywhichaculturetransmitsitsbeliefs,valuesandnorm.Yet,languageisnotapassivereflectorofculture.Evenassumingthatcultureisinmanycasesthefirstcauseinthelanguage-culturerelationship,languageastheeffectinthefirstlinkofthecasualchainwillinturnbethecauseinthenextlink,reinforcingandpreservingbeliefsandcustomsandconditioningtheirfuturecourse.（HuZhuanglin,1992:

250）

Asoneofthelanguagevarieties,slangalsoreflectsculture.Thecultureshapesourbehaviorpatterns,andourbehaviorismediatedthroughlanguage.Ourbehaviorisgreatlyinfluencedbyculture,asStuartBergFlexner（1987）claimed,“WhethertheUnitedStateshasmoreslangwordsthananyothercountry（inproportiontonumberofpeople,area,orthenumberofwordsinthestandardvocabulary）.Americans,however,dousetheirgeneralslangmorethananyotherpeople”.ThenwhydoAmericansusemoreslangitemsthanpeopleinothercountries?

WilhelmVonHumboldtbelievesthatlanguageistheexternalexhibitofone’sinnerworld.There’snothingintheworldmoresimilarthanlanguageandculture.Tosomeextent,AmericanslangshowsculturalcharacteristicsofAmericansocietyandAmericans’nationalcharacter.

Americansareoptimisticpeoplethatwecanalsofindfromtheirlanguage.AsthebookAmericanSocietyandAmericanCulturecomments“thatnootherplacehasmorenaturalresourcesthanAmerica,andeverypersonherecanbecomerichifheisenterprisingandlucky.Theircountryandexperiencetellthemtokeepoptimistic,andAmericansareextremeoptimist（translatedbytheauthor）”（王锦瑭,1996:

3）.AmericanslangfullyreflectsAmericancultureandtheirnationalcharacter.Itisknownthatlanguageisasymbolofsociety,beingapartoflanguagevarieties，slangmirrorssomeaspects