AWA 55经验针对Erater设计的结构模板分享.docx

AWA 55经验针对Erater设计的结构模板分享.docx

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AWA55经验针对Erater设计的结构模板分享

发表于:

2008-05-2323:

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[下载]AWA5.5经验:

针对E-rater设计的结构模板[分享]

我总共复习AWA的时间不是很长，加起来总共是5天，但是每天上班时都在地铁上看黄金80，800score,总共写了3篇AA,2篇AI.拿到5.5说明我的方法还是有一定效果的，和大家分享一下经验，大家可以参考一下

首先，要注意结构的重要性，使用结构模板（我放在附件里了），不要使用废话模板，一方面是怕被判抄袭，另一方面，背废话模板是种痛苦，其实大家如果看过800Score就会发现，它propose的template是我附的结构模板的缩写版，他的范文应证了我的结构模板的applicability.大家完全可以用他的范文，写出自己的结构模板，又不用担心被判抄袭。

之前也是看了很多CDnn的经验谈，对我影响最大的是三篇，大家可以看一下

1〉作文2小时5+必看

（给没时间准备作文的战友

含作文详细提纲）（这个大家可以搜索一下CD）

2〉E-rater发明者写的文章，我放在附件里了

重点我copy在这里了，大家要清楚地认识到E-rater的评分标准，所谓知己知彼，百战不殆

Thefeaturesetusedwithe-raterV.2

includemeasuresofgrammar,usage,mechanics,

style,organization,development,lexicalcomplexity,andprompt-specific

vocabularyusage.

Thediagnosticfeedbackisbasedona

suiteofprograms（writinganalysistools）thatidentifytheessay’sdiscoursestructure,recognizeundesirablestylisticfeatures,andevaluateandprovide

feedbackonerrorsingrammar,usage,andmechanics.

Thewritinganalysistoolsidentify

fivemaintypesofgrammar,usage,andmechanicserrors–agreementerrors,verbformationerrors,wrongworduse,missing

punctuation,andtypographicalerrors.Theapproachtodetecting

violationsofgeneralEnglishgrammariscorpusbasedandstatistical,andcan

beexplainedasfollows.

Thesystemistrainedonalargecorpusofeditedtext,

fromwhichitextractsandcountssequencesofadjacentwordandpart-of-speech

pairscalledbigrams.Thesystemthensearchesstudentessaysforbigramsthat

occurmuchlessoftenthanwouldbeexpectedbasedonthecorpusfrequencies.

Thewritinganalysistoolsalso

highlightaspectsofstylethatthewritermaywishtorevise,suchastheuse

ofpassivesentences,aswellasverylongorveryshortsentenceswithinthe

essay.Anotherfeatureofundesirablestylethatthesystemdetectsisthepresenceofoverlyrepetitiouswords,aproperty

oftheessaythatmightaffectitsratingofoverallquality（Burstein&

Wolska,2003）.

Finally,thewritinganalysistools

providefeedbackaboutdiscourseelementspresentorabsentintheessay

（Burstein,Marcu,andKnight,2003）.Thediscourseanalysisapproachisbased

onalinearrepresentationofthetext.Itassumestheessaycanbesegmented

intosequencesofdiscourseelements,whichincludeintroductorymaterial（toprovidethecontext

orsetthestage）,athesisstatement（tostatethewriter’spositionin

relation

totheprompt）,mainideas（toasserttheauthor’smain

message）,supportingideas（toprovideevidenceandsupporttheclaimsinthe

mainideas,thesis,orconclusion）,andaconclusion（tosummarizetheessay’s

entireargument）.

Inordertoidentifythevarious

discourseelements,thesystemwastrainedonalargecorpusofhumanannotated

essays（Burstein,Marcu,andKnight,2003）.

Belowpresentsanexampleofan

annotatedessay.

AStudentEssayWith

AnnotatedDiscourseElements

“You

can’talwaysdowhatyouwanttodo!

”mymothersaid.Shescoldedmefordoing

whatIthoughtwasbestforme.ItisverydifficulttodosomethingthatIdo

notwanttodo.

Material>ButnowthatIammatureenoughtotake

responsibilityformyactions,Iunderstandthatmanytimesinourliveswe

havetodowhatweshoulddo.However,makingimportantdecisions,like

determiningyourgoalforthefuture,shouldbesomethingthatyouwanttodo

andenjoydoing.

I’ve

seenmanysuccessfulpeoplewhoaredoctors,artists,teachers,designers,etc.

Material>Inmyopiniontheywereconsidered

successfulpeoplebecausetheywereabletofindwhattheyenjoydoingand

workedhardforit.Itis

easytodeterminethathe/sheissuccessful,notbecauseit’swhatothers

think,butbecausehe/shehavesucceedinwhathe/shewantedtodo.

In

Korea,whereIgrewup,manyparentsseemtopushtheirchildrenintobeing

doctors,lawyers,engineeretc.Parents

believethattheirkidsshouldbecomewhattheybelieveisrightforthem,but

mostkidshavetheirownchoiceandoftendoesn’tchoosethesamecareeras

theirparent’s.

Point>I’veseenadoctorwhowasn’thappyatall

withherjobbecauseshethoughtthatbecomingdoctoriswhatsheshoulddo.

Thatpersonlaterhadtoswitchherjobtowhatshereallywantedtodosince

shewasalittlegirl,whichwasteaching.

Parents

mightknowwhat’sbestfortheirownchildrenindailybase,butdecidinga

longtermgoalforthemshouldbeone’sowndecisionofwhathe/shelikestodo

andwanttodo

读完上面的内容，大家大概就会对ETS的评分标准有了一个大概的了解，其实准备起来的话，我觉得模板是必不可少的，一则可以稳定心情，不至于考试时慌张，二则可以快速勾勒出整个文章框架

大家可能觉得最难写的是AI,事实上如果用了模板（注意：

不是废话模板，而是结构模板）可以让你迅速发散思维，扩充字数。

（插一句，谈一下字数的重要性，为何字数重要呢？

大家看了Erater的评分标准，就会发现，他的评错是按照错误语法和拼写的总数除以字数，所以说，字数越多，当然分数就会提高。

）

回到主题，如何用结构模板，我的AI模板是这样写的

Whichisamore..?

（Theissuehereiswhether….）Thespeaker’sopinionisthat（Repeat

author’sopinion.Tojustifyhisclaim,thespeakerarguesthat…Inmyview,

however,（eachofthesealternativesisviableincertaincircumstances/In

determiningwhether…,onemustweigh…against…）

Onbalance,Myview

canbegreatlysubstantiatedbythefollowingdiscussions.

Ontheonehand,thereisnodenyingthat

正说Speaker’s

opinion>…Afterall,….

Reason>ThereasonI’m

presentingheretosupportmy

viewisthat……Without……,itisalmostimpossiblethat……

Evidence>Toillustrate,letuslookattheexampleof…..（Bothcommon

senseandpersonalexperiencehavetoldusthat……）

Consequently,itisprettyobviousthat……Otherwise,……

Futhermore,……

反证Speaker’sopinioneg.If..nottrue,then…>

Reason>Thereasonhereisnotfartoseek…

Evidence>Agoodexamplecanbe

foundinthecaseof…

Hence,alltheevidenceabovedemonstrates（beyondanydoubt）

that……

Onthe

otherhand,Idisagreewithauthorthat……

Reason>Iwouldliketopoint

outthattheauthoroverstates……’srelativeimportance,andfailstoconsider

othercriticalfactors.

evidence>Forexample,….Therefore,underthiscircumstance,itis

obviousthat…

Inconclusion,

issueofhas

arousedmuchcontroversy.Whileinsomecases,inmanycasesitwillnot.（whileitappears

paradoxicaltorecommendthat,itisnot）…（Although…,it…/whileA…,B…）Onthebasisofmyabovediscussion,Iamquiteconfident

toarriveattheconclusionthat……

（红色是要自己添进去的，绿色是结构标示，只是作illustrationpurpose）

大家会发现，只要结构清楚，总分总，分的部分写三段，每段也是用总分总来写，中间夹着

reason>,其实是很容易写到500多字的，尤其是有了example,你的内容会显得丰富了许多。

很多nn谈到转折连词的重要性，事实上，转折连词就是Erater那篇文章中所谓的AnnotatedDiscourseElementsidentifier，所以说，我们要尽量用这些identifier让Erater看出我们写得每句话的作用来，大家会发现，我中间每段最后一句话都是以标志性副词开头，而且各不相同，这就是为了降低由于repetition而导致到得分率低（Erater那篇文章有提到），所以能用这种标志性副词就多用，我的附件里面有很多此类标志性副词，短语，大家多多使用，当然也不是滥用，呵呵呵。

至于AA，结构模板就更为有用了，

开头结尾的模板是标准的，中间三段如何写，且待我我慢慢讲来

Inthisargument,

theauthorconcludes/recommendsthat…Tojustifyhisclaim,theauthorassumes/reasons/points

outthat…Additionally,theauthorreasonsthat…Furthermore,theauthoralsoassumes

that…Meanwhile,theauthorprovidesevidencethat….Moreover,theauthorcites

variousotherexamplesthat…（citestheexampleof…）Whiletheauthor’sargumenthassomemerit,itsuffersfrom

severalcriticalflaws.

Tosumup,the

arguerfailstovalidatetheconclusion/recommendationthat….Tobolsterit,

thearguershouldprovidemoreconcreteevidencetodemonstratethat…Inaddition,

thearguershouldhavetoruleouttheabovementionedpossibilitiesthatwould

determinethearguer’sclaim.Furthermore/Additionally,inordertoaccessthe

argument,westillneedmoreinformationconcerning…（Tobetteraccessthe

accuracyofthearguer’srecommendation,itwouldbeusefultoknow…）inaddition,tosolidifytheconclusion,theauthorshould

provideconcreteevidenceaswelltodemonstratethat…（TS）

大家要记住，中间三段足够了，不用写上四段，因为根据Erater里面的描述，多过三段不会多给分，少过三段会扣分（呵呵，偶把Erater的标准给仔细研究了一番）

中间三段，每段可以采取这样的结构，底下给每个部分替代的语言

（Start）.=>

（Rebuttal）

（eg.However,thisisnotnecessarilythecase

（Evidence）=>

Forexample（反例）=>Conclusion

（eg.infact,itisfallacioustodrawanyconclusiononthebasisofsuch

limitedevidence）

======================

Start

1.

Concede…Theauthor（still）commitsafallacyof“After

this,thereforebecauseofthis”inassumingthatAisthecauseofB.

2.

Theauthor’ssolutionrests/relies/dependsontheassumption

thatAisthecauseofB..

3.

Anotherflawthatsignificantlyunderminesthisargumentis

thattheauthorneglectstoindicate…（Anotherproblemthatseriouslyweakensthelogicofthis

argumentisthat）

4.

Theconclusionunjustifiablyreliesonthepollwhilethe

validityofthesurveyitselfisdoubtful

5.

Theauthorunfairlyassumesthat…Theauthor’slineof

reasoningisthat

6.

Theauthorhasbeenengagedin“after

this,thereforebecauseofthis”analysisinpresumingthatAisthe

solecausebehindB.

Rebuttal

1.

Itisabsolutely/entirelypossiblethattheother…

2.

Commonsenseinformsmethat…suchas…canhardly….

3.

Actually,itisfallacioustoreachanyconclusionatall

inthefaceofsuchlimitedevidence….

Conclusion

1.

Lackingamorecomprehensiveanalysisofthecauses,itispresumptuous

fortheauth