英美概况第三周课程Week 3.docx

英美概况第三周课程Week 3.docx

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英美概况第三周课程Week3

英美概况第三周课程Week3

Chapter2：

History

###BriefIntroduction

TheBritishIsleshavearichhistorygoingbackthousandsofyears.Forthishistoryguide,weshalldividetheperiodofBritishhistoryintoseveralmainchunks,andeachofthesemainchunksthensubdividedintobitesizedsectionsthattrytoexplainthewaythatthingshappened

Historyisaninterweavingofeventsandpeople.AlsoonehastorealisethatBritainisNOTonenation,butahodgepodgeofdifferentpeopleswhotendtoremaindistinctinspiteofamilleniumormoreofintermarriage.

##4000BCto1500BCStoneAgemanandthefirstfarmers

Thepeopleleftnoliterature,buttheydidleavemanyburialchambers,monumentsandartifacts.ItisbelievedthatStoneAgemanmigratedtoBritainacrossthelandbridgethatthenjoinedBritaintotherestofEurope.

TherisingwaterlevelscutBritainofffromEuropeandleftthesepeoplestodevelopseparately.

●Stonehenge

Nobodyknowswhatitwasbuiltfor,perhapsatempleorperhapsanastronomicalcalculator.Itisbelievedthatworkstartedonitin3100BCanditwascontinuouslybeingbuilt,usedandmodifieduntil1100BC.Anamazingperiodof2000years-notmanyotherbuildingsintheworldhavebeenusedforaslong.

##1500BCtotheRomanInvasionin43AD

Forsomeunexplainedreason,IronAgemanstartedtochangehislivinghabits.TheystoppedusingtheancientsiteslikeStonehenge.InsteadtheIronAgepeoplestooktofarminginpermanentfieldsandtolivinginprotectedhillforts

##TheCelts

TheCeltswereaEuropeanculturalgroupfirstevudentinthe7thor8thcenturyB.C.Theirmaximumexpansionwasinthe3rdto5thcenturyB.C.,whentheyoccupiedmuchofEuropenorthoftheAlps.

TheCeltsarrivedinBritainbythe4thor5thcenturyB.C.andIrelandbythe3ndor3rdcenturyB.C.,andpossiblyearlier,displacedanearlierpeoplewhowerealreadyontheislands.

**TheDruids（P.22）德鲁伊教士

AdruidwasamemberofthepriestlyandlearnedclassintheancientCelticsocietiesofWesternEurope,BritainandIreland.Druidscombinedthedutiesofpriest,judge,scholar,andteacher.

ManyoftheCelticculturalelementsintegratedwithChristianity.Themost"religious"aspectofCelticculture,Druidicpractice,diminished,andmanysaythattheDruidsweresystematicallysupressedandkilled.However,manyculturalelementslasted,includingancientoralstorieswhichwererecordedbyIrishmonksinbothIrishandLatin.

##TheRomanBritain---TheRomanConquest

In55BC,thegreatRomangeneralJuliusCaesarsailedarosstheEnglishChannelwiith10,000menafterhehadconqueredGaul（whatisnowFrance）.

HewantedtoseeifEnglandwouldmakeagoodcolony.HereturnedthenextyearwithalargearmyanddefeatedsomeoftheCelts.Buthehadnointentionofstayingthere,andretutoRomebeforelong.

About90yearslater,in43AD,theRomanemperorClaudiusinvadedBritainagain.

Inthenextdecades,theRomansdefeatedtheCeltictribeswithoutgreatdifficulty,andcompletelyconqueredthesouthernpartoftheislandofGreatBritain,includingpresent-dayEnglandandWales.ButtheywereneverabletocompletelydefeatorcontrolwhatisnowScotland.

TheRomansmadethepartofislandundertheircontrolaprovineoftheirhugeempire,calledBritannia,rulebyRomangovernors.

**Hadrian'sWall罗马城墙

TheRomansalsobuiltwallsandfortsacrossnorthernEnglandtoprotecttheprovincefromthewarliketribesofScotland.

ThemostfamousofthewallswasHadrian'sWall,namedaftertheEmperorHadrian.DuringtheRomanperiod,ChristianitycametoEngland.AnumberofthingswithChristiansymbolsonthemthatdatefromthe4thcenturyADhavebeenfoundinvariousplacesinEngland.

###Anglo-SaxonEngland

AlthoughgenerallyknowntotheBritishas"Saxons",therewereothertribeswhocametoBritain,includingAngles,FrisiansandJutes.TheSaxonsprobablygavetheirnametoEssex,Middlesex,SussexandWessex.TheAngleswereinEastAnglia,Mercia,BerniciaandDeira,whiletheJuteswereinKentandtheIsleofWight.

ThehistoryofAnglo-SaxonEnglandcoversthehistoryofearlymedievalEnglandfromtheendofRomanBritainandtheestablishmentofAnglo-SaxonkingdomsinthefifthcenturyuntiltheNormanConquestofEnglandin1066.

###TheAlfredtheGreat

AlfredtheGreatwaskingofthesouthernAnglo-SaxonkingdomofWessexfrom871to899.

AlfredisnotedforhisdefenceofthekingdomagainsttheDanishVikings.AlfredwasthefirstKingoftheWestSaxonstostylehimself"KingoftheEnglish".

HedefendedAnglo-SaxonEnglandfromVikingraids,formulatedacodeoflaws,andfosteredarebirthofreligiousandscholarlyactivity.

###TheVikings

ThefirstrecordedVikingattackinBritainwasin793andthearrivaloftheVikings,inparticulartheDanishGreatHeathenArmy,upsetthepoliticalandsocialgeographyofBritainandIreland.

EarlyVikingraidsweregenerallysmallinscaleandquick.MostoftheearlyraiderscamefromwesternNorway.

ThearrivaloftheVikingsattheendoftheeighthcenturybroughtmanychangestoBritain.

DanishraidersattackedplacesthroughoutBritainbuttheirlatersettlementwasrestrictedtotheeasternpartofEngland,whileNorwegianraiders（viaIreland）attackedthewestcoastofbothEnglandandWales.

EventuallytheAnglo-SaxonsgainedcontrolofthewholeofEnglandthoughtherewasashortintermissionofDanishcontrol.

RelationswiththecontinentwereimportantrightuptotheendofAnglo-SaxonEngland,traditionallyheldtobetheNormanConquest.

[Britainabouttheyear886,showingtheDanishkingdomsinpurple,Anglo-Saxonkingdomsinorange,andCeltickingdomsingreen.]

TheVikingshadsimilareffectsonthevariouskingdomsoftheIrish,Scots,Pictsand（toalesserextent）Welsh.CertainlyinNorthBritaintheVikingswereonereasonbehindtheformationoftheKingdomofAlba,whicheventuallyevolvedintoScotland.

Afteratimeofplunderandraids,theVikingsbegantosettleinEngland.AnimportantVikingcentrewasYork.VariousalliancesbetweentheVikingKingdomofYorkandDublinroseandfell.

DanishandNorwegiansettlementmadeenoughofanimpacttoleavesignificanttracesintheEnglishlanguage.Similarly,manyplace-namesinareasofDanishandNorwegiansettlementhaveScandinavianroots.

###TheNormanConquest1066诺曼征服

TheNormanconquestofEnglandtookplacein1066.Atthebeginnerof1066,theAngloSaxonrulerofEngland,EdwardtheConfessorwasonhisdeathbed. 

●WhowasEdwardtheConfessor?

EdwardtheConfessor（1005-1066）-KingofEngland1042-1066,Anglo-SaxonKingofEnglandandthelastoftheHouseofWessex,rulingfrom1042untilhisdeath.

Sincehehadnochildren,therewasnodirectheirtothethroneandhehadnotpubliclydesignatedanyheirtosucceedhim.

AfterEdwardtheConfessordiedonJanuary5th,1066,hewassucceededbyHaroldGodwinson,whosesisterwasmarriedtoEdwardtheConfessor.

HeclaimedthatEdwardtheConfessorhadgrantedhimthesuccessoronhisdeathbedinthepresenceofthequeen.

ThiswasresentedbyWilliamofNormandy（aregioninNorthernFrancetoday）.HewasdistantlyrelatedtoEdwardtheConfessorandclaimedthatEdwardtheConfessorhadpromisedhimthethrone ofEnglandonhisdeath.

TheBattleofHastingswhichtookplaceonOctober14,1066isconsideredtothedecisivebattleresultingintheNormanconquestofEngland.

TheBattleofHastings（14October1066）wasthedecisiveNormanvictoryintheNormanConquestofEngland.ItwasfoughtbetweentheNormanarmyofWilliamtheConqueror,andtheEnglisharmyledbyHaroldGodwinson.Thebattletookplacenorth-westofHastingsonthecoastofEastSussexinEngland.

###Norman-PlantagenetDynasty

●WhatdidWilliamIdoduringtheNormanConquest?

●securedcontrolofthecountrybyruthlesslycrushinganyrebellion

●constructed50castlesby1087

●completedtheestablishmentofthefeudalsysteminEngland,

●compileddetailedrecordsoflandandpropertyintheDomesdayBook（1086）{英格兰土地清帐书册}

●keptthebaronsfirmlyundercontrol

##PlantagenetDynasty金雀花王朝

WilliamI-----had3sons:

Robert,WilliamRufus,Henry

●succeededbyhissecondsonWilliamII（gotkilledinanaccident）

●WilliamII’sbrotherHenrycrownedasHenryI（nomaleheir）

●Succededbygrandchild---HenryIIwhofoundedthePlantagenetDynasty金雀花王朝

●PlantagenetDynastyKings

∙HenryII-1154-1189

∙RichardI-1189-1199

∙KingJohn-1199-1216

∙HenryIII-1216-1272

∙EdwardI-1272-1307

∙EdwardII-1307-1327

∙EdwardIII-1327-1377

∙RichardII-1377-1399

Intotal,fifteenPlantagenetmonarchs,ruledEnglandfrom1154until1485.TheinitialbranchruledfromHenryIIofEnglanduntilthedepositionofRichardIIofEnglandin1399.

Afterthat,twoPlantagenetbranchesnamedtheHouseofLancasterandtheHouseofYorkclashedinacivilwarknownastheWarsoftheRosesovercontrolofthehouse.

HenryIIofEngland

∙

StatueofRichardtheLionheartoutsideWestminsterPalace.RichardI-1189-1199

###KingJohnofEngland

Heisperhapsbest-knownforhavingacquiesced—tothebaronsofEnglishnobility—tosealtheMagnaCarta,adocumentwhichlimitedkinglypowerinEnglandandwhichispopularlythoughtasanearlyfirststepintheevolutionofmoderndemocracy.

MagnaCartasigning

###HenryIII（1207–1272）wasthesonandsuccessorofKingasKingofEngland,reigningforfifty-sixyearsfrom1216tohisdeath.

KingHenryIIIcametothethronein1216whenhewasonlynineyearsold,butdidnotruleuntilhecameofagein1227.

Henry