英美概况第三周课程Week 3.docx
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英美概况第三周课程Week3
英美概况第三周课程Week3
Chapter2:
History
###BriefIntroduction
TheBritishIsleshavearichhistorygoingbackthousandsofyears.Forthishistoryguide,weshalldividetheperiodofBritishhistoryintoseveralmainchunks,andeachofthesemainchunksthensubdividedintobitesizedsectionsthattrytoexplainthewaythatthingshappened
Historyisaninterweavingofeventsandpeople.AlsoonehastorealisethatBritainisNOTonenation,butahodgepodgeofdifferentpeopleswhotendtoremaindistinctinspiteofamilleniumormoreofintermarriage.
##4000BCto1500BCStoneAgemanandthefirstfarmers
Thepeopleleftnoliterature,buttheydidleavemanyburialchambers,monumentsandartifacts.ItisbelievedthatStoneAgemanmigratedtoBritainacrossthelandbridgethatthenjoinedBritaintotherestofEurope.
TherisingwaterlevelscutBritainofffromEuropeandleftthesepeoplestodevelopseparately.
●Stonehenge
Nobodyknowswhatitwasbuiltfor,perhapsatempleorperhapsanastronomicalcalculator.Itisbelievedthatworkstartedonitin3100BCanditwascontinuouslybeingbuilt,usedandmodifieduntil1100BC.Anamazingperiodof2000years-notmanyotherbuildingsintheworldhavebeenusedforaslong.
##1500BCtotheRomanInvasionin43AD
Forsomeunexplainedreason,IronAgemanstartedtochangehislivinghabits.TheystoppedusingtheancientsiteslikeStonehenge.InsteadtheIronAgepeoplestooktofarminginpermanentfieldsandtolivinginprotectedhillforts
##TheCelts
TheCeltswereaEuropeanculturalgroupfirstevudentinthe7thor8thcenturyB.C.Theirmaximumexpansionwasinthe3rdto5thcenturyB.C.,whentheyoccupiedmuchofEuropenorthoftheAlps.
TheCeltsarrivedinBritainbythe4thor5thcenturyB.C.andIrelandbythe3ndor3rdcenturyB.C.,andpossiblyearlier,displacedanearlierpeoplewhowerealreadyontheislands.
**TheDruids(P.22)德鲁伊教士
AdruidwasamemberofthepriestlyandlearnedclassintheancientCelticsocietiesofWesternEurope,BritainandIreland.Druidscombinedthedutiesofpriest,judge,scholar,andteacher.
ManyoftheCelticculturalelementsintegratedwithChristianity.Themost"religious"aspectofCelticculture,Druidicpractice,diminished,andmanysaythattheDruidsweresystematicallysupressedandkilled.However,manyculturalelementslasted,includingancientoralstorieswhichwererecordedbyIrishmonksinbothIrishandLatin.
##TheRomanBritain---TheRomanConquest
In55BC,thegreatRomangeneralJuliusCaesarsailedarosstheEnglishChannelwiith10,000menafterhehadconqueredGaul(whatisnowFrance).
HewantedtoseeifEnglandwouldmakeagoodcolony.HereturnedthenextyearwithalargearmyanddefeatedsomeoftheCelts.Buthehadnointentionofstayingthere,andretutoRomebeforelong.
About90yearslater,in43AD,theRomanemperorClaudiusinvadedBritainagain.
Inthenextdecades,theRomansdefeatedtheCeltictribeswithoutgreatdifficulty,andcompletelyconqueredthesouthernpartoftheislandofGreatBritain,includingpresent-dayEnglandandWales.ButtheywereneverabletocompletelydefeatorcontrolwhatisnowScotland.
TheRomansmadethepartofislandundertheircontrolaprovineoftheirhugeempire,calledBritannia,rulebyRomangovernors.
**Hadrian'sWall罗马城墙
TheRomansalsobuiltwallsandfortsacrossnorthernEnglandtoprotecttheprovincefromthewarliketribesofScotland.
ThemostfamousofthewallswasHadrian'sWall,namedaftertheEmperorHadrian.DuringtheRomanperiod,ChristianitycametoEngland.AnumberofthingswithChristiansymbolsonthemthatdatefromthe4thcenturyADhavebeenfoundinvariousplacesinEngland.
###Anglo-SaxonEngland
AlthoughgenerallyknowntotheBritishas"Saxons",therewereothertribeswhocametoBritain,includingAngles,FrisiansandJutes.TheSaxonsprobablygavetheirnametoEssex,Middlesex,SussexandWessex.TheAngleswereinEastAnglia,Mercia,BerniciaandDeira,whiletheJuteswereinKentandtheIsleofWight.
ThehistoryofAnglo-SaxonEnglandcoversthehistoryofearlymedievalEnglandfromtheendofRomanBritainandtheestablishmentofAnglo-SaxonkingdomsinthefifthcenturyuntiltheNormanConquestofEnglandin1066.
###TheAlfredtheGreat
AlfredtheGreatwaskingofthesouthernAnglo-SaxonkingdomofWessexfrom871to899.
AlfredisnotedforhisdefenceofthekingdomagainsttheDanishVikings.AlfredwasthefirstKingoftheWestSaxonstostylehimself"KingoftheEnglish".
HedefendedAnglo-SaxonEnglandfromVikingraids,formulatedacodeoflaws,andfosteredarebirthofreligiousandscholarlyactivity.
###TheVikings
ThefirstrecordedVikingattackinBritainwasin793andthearrivaloftheVikings,inparticulartheDanishGreatHeathenArmy,upsetthepoliticalandsocialgeographyofBritainandIreland.
EarlyVikingraidsweregenerallysmallinscaleandquick.MostoftheearlyraiderscamefromwesternNorway.
ThearrivaloftheVikingsattheendoftheeighthcenturybroughtmanychangestoBritain.
DanishraidersattackedplacesthroughoutBritainbuttheirlatersettlementwasrestrictedtotheeasternpartofEngland,whileNorwegianraiders(viaIreland)attackedthewestcoastofbothEnglandandWales.
EventuallytheAnglo-SaxonsgainedcontrolofthewholeofEnglandthoughtherewasashortintermissionofDanishcontrol.
RelationswiththecontinentwereimportantrightuptotheendofAnglo-SaxonEngland,traditionallyheldtobetheNormanConquest.
[Britainabouttheyear886,showingtheDanishkingdomsinpurple,Anglo-Saxonkingdomsinorange,andCeltickingdomsingreen.]
TheVikingshadsimilareffectsonthevariouskingdomsoftheIrish,Scots,Pictsand(toalesserextent)Welsh.CertainlyinNorthBritaintheVikingswereonereasonbehindtheformationoftheKingdomofAlba,whicheventuallyevolvedintoScotland.
Afteratimeofplunderandraids,theVikingsbegantosettleinEngland.AnimportantVikingcentrewasYork.VariousalliancesbetweentheVikingKingdomofYorkandDublinroseandfell.
DanishandNorwegiansettlementmadeenoughofanimpacttoleavesignificanttracesintheEnglishlanguage.Similarly,manyplace-namesinareasofDanishandNorwegiansettlementhaveScandinavianroots.
###TheNormanConquest1066诺曼征服
TheNormanconquestofEnglandtookplacein1066.Atthebeginnerof1066,theAngloSaxonrulerofEngland,EdwardtheConfessorwasonhisdeathbed.
●WhowasEdwardtheConfessor?
EdwardtheConfessor(1005-1066)-KingofEngland1042-1066,Anglo-SaxonKingofEnglandandthelastoftheHouseofWessex,rulingfrom1042untilhisdeath.
Sincehehadnochildren,therewasnodirectheirtothethroneandhehadnotpubliclydesignatedanyheirtosucceedhim.
AfterEdwardtheConfessordiedonJanuary5th,1066,hewassucceededbyHaroldGodwinson,whosesisterwasmarriedtoEdwardtheConfessor.
HeclaimedthatEdwardtheConfessorhadgrantedhimthesuccessoronhisdeathbedinthepresenceofthequeen.
ThiswasresentedbyWilliamofNormandy(aregioninNorthernFrancetoday).HewasdistantlyrelatedtoEdwardtheConfessorandclaimedthatEdwardtheConfessorhadpromisedhimthethrone ofEnglandonhisdeath.
TheBattleofHastingswhichtookplaceonOctober14,1066isconsideredtothedecisivebattleresultingintheNormanconquestofEngland.
TheBattleofHastings(14October1066)wasthedecisiveNormanvictoryintheNormanConquestofEngland.ItwasfoughtbetweentheNormanarmyofWilliamtheConqueror,andtheEnglisharmyledbyHaroldGodwinson.Thebattletookplacenorth-westofHastingsonthecoastofEastSussexinEngland.
###Norman-PlantagenetDynasty
●WhatdidWilliamIdoduringtheNormanConquest?
●securedcontrolofthecountrybyruthlesslycrushinganyrebellion
●constructed50castlesby1087
●completedtheestablishmentofthefeudalsysteminEngland,
●compileddetailedrecordsoflandandpropertyintheDomesdayBook(1086){英格兰土地清帐书册}
●keptthebaronsfirmlyundercontrol
##PlantagenetDynasty金雀花王朝
WilliamI-----had3sons:
Robert,WilliamRufus,Henry
●succeededbyhissecondsonWilliamII(gotkilledinanaccident)
●WilliamII’sbrotherHenrycrownedasHenryI(nomaleheir)
●Succededbygrandchild---HenryIIwhofoundedthePlantagenetDynasty金雀花王朝
●PlantagenetDynastyKings
∙HenryII-1154-1189
∙RichardI-1189-1199
∙KingJohn-1199-1216
∙HenryIII-1216-1272
∙EdwardI-1272-1307
∙EdwardII-1307-1327
∙EdwardIII-1327-1377
∙RichardII-1377-1399
Intotal,fifteenPlantagenetmonarchs,ruledEnglandfrom1154until1485.TheinitialbranchruledfromHenryIIofEnglanduntilthedepositionofRichardIIofEnglandin1399.
Afterthat,twoPlantagenetbranchesnamedtheHouseofLancasterandtheHouseofYorkclashedinacivilwarknownastheWarsoftheRosesovercontrolofthehouse.
HenryIIofEngland
∙
StatueofRichardtheLionheartoutsideWestminsterPalace.RichardI-1189-1199
###KingJohnofEngland
Heisperhapsbest-knownforhavingacquiesced—tothebaronsofEnglishnobility—tosealtheMagnaCarta,adocumentwhichlimitedkinglypowerinEnglandandwhichispopularlythoughtasanearlyfirststepintheevolutionofmoderndemocracy.
MagnaCartasigning
###HenryIII(1207–1272)wasthesonandsuccessorofKingasKingofEngland,reigningforfifty-sixyearsfrom1216tohisdeath.
KingHenryIIIcametothethronein1216whenhewasonlynineyearsold,butdidnotruleuntilhecameofagein1227.
Henry