大学英语六级考试模拟试题及答案解析.docx
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大学英语六级考试模拟试题及答案解析
2012年大学英语六级考试模拟试题及答案
PartⅠWriting(30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledCollegeStudentsontheJobMarket.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.
1.当今大学生面临着严重的就业压力
2.这一现象的产生有多方面的原因
3.解决的办法
CollegeStudentsontheJobMarket
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PartIWriting
【写作思路】
本文是关于对某种社会现象的讨论,探讨其原因,并提供解决问题的方案。
毕业生就业压力大,是目前比较热门的话题,媒体、社会以及学生本人都会时不时的讨论,所以文章难度不是很大。
文章开篇提出就业压力大的问题,毕业生越来越多,而就业市场却保持稳定,两者之间的不平衡,导致毕业生面临越来越大的就业压力。
第二段讨论出现这种问题的原因。
第一方面,从宏观上来看,整个世界的经济危机影响了就业市场;第二方面,从学校招生来看,热门专业人数过多,结果供过于求,而冷门专业学生很少,结果供不应求。
第三段针对第二段的原因,探讨相应的解决方案。
从政府的角度出发,要尽可能的采取各种手段帮助经济恢复,帮助学生就业;从个人角度出发,要学会自主选择,不追潮流,学习自己感兴趣的,努力提高自身素质,增强竞争能力。
【参考范文】
Moreandmoregraduatesaregoingoutofuniversitiesandenteringintothesocietyeveryyearwhilethedemandonthejobmarketremainsstable.Thecollegestudentsarefacinggreaterandgreaterpressureinjob-hunting.
Therearemanyreasonsbehindthecurrentphenomenon.Tobeginwith,theeconomyhasbeenconfrontedwithdepressioninrecentyearsonagloballevel,andittakestimefortheworldwideeconomytorecover.What'smore,thereisanelementofirrationalityintheenrollmentofthecampuses.Somehotmajorshaveenrolledtoomanystudents,andmanypeoplecompeteforonepositionaftergraduation,whereasthemajorswithlittleattentionhavefewstudents,andmoregraduatesareneededthanthecampuscansupply.
Thesolutiontothisproblemlieswithboththegovernmentasawholeandtheindividualinspecific.Thegovernmenttakeswhatevermeasurespossibletohelptheeconomyrecoverandtocreatemorejobopportunitiesfortheapplicants.Andfortheindividualstudents,itisbettertostudywhattheyareinterestedinandtogainexperiencethroughpractice,thusbetterpreparedforthesociety.
PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
WillElectronicMedicalRecordsImproveHealthCare?
Electronichealthrecords(EHRs)havereceivedalotofattentionsincetheObamaadministrationcommitted$19billioninstimulusfundsearlierthisyeartoencouragehospitalsandhealthcarefacilitiestodigitizepatientdataandmakebetteruseofinformationtechnology.Thehealthcareindustryasawhole,however,hasbeenslowtoadoptinformationtechnologyandintegratecomputersystems,raisingthequestionofwhetherthepushtodigitizewillresultininformationthatempowersdoctorstomakebetter-informeddecisionsoramorassofdisconnecteddata.
TheUniversityofPittsburghMedicalCenter(UPMC)knowsfirsthandhowdifficultitistoachievetheformer,andhoweasilyanEHRplancanfallintothelatter.UPMChasspentfiveyearsandmorethan$1billiononinformationtechnologysystemstogetaheadoftheEHRissue.Whilethatismorethanfivetimesasmuchasrecentestimatessayitshouldcostahospitalsystem,UPMCisamammothnetworkconsistingof20hospitalsaswellas400doctors'offices,outpatientsitesandlong-termcarefacilitiesemployingabout50,000people.
UPMC'searlyattemptstocreateauniversalEHRsystem,suchasitsambulatoryelectronicmedicalrecordsrolledoutbetween2000and2005,weremetwithresistanceasdoctors,staffandotheruserseitheravoidedusingthenewtechnologyaltogetherorclungtoindividual,disconnectedsoftwareandsystemsthatUPMC'sITdepartmenthadimplementedovertheyears.
Onthemend
AlthoughUPMCbegandigitizingsomeofitsrecordsin1996,theturningpointinitseffortscamein2004withtherolloutofitseRecordsystemacrosstheentirehealthcarenetwork.eRecordnowcontainsmorethan3.6millionelectronicpatientrecords,includingimagesandCTscans,clinicallaboratoryinformation,radiologydata,andapicturearchivalandcommunicationsystemthatdigitizesimagesandmakesthemavailableonPCs.TheEHRsystemhas29,000users,includingmorethan5,000physiciansemployedbyoraffiliatedwithUPMC.
IfUPMCmakesEHRsystemslookeasy,don'tbefooled,cautionsUPMCchiefmedicalinformationofficerDanMartich,whosaysthehealthcarenetwork'sITsystemsrequirea"huge,ongoingeffort"toensurethatthosesystemscancommunicatewithoneanother.OneofthemainreasonsisthatUPMC,likemanyotherhealthcareorganizations,usesanumberofdifferentvendorsforitsmedicalandITsystems,leavingtheintegrationlargelyuptotheITstaff.
Sincedoctorstypicallydonotwanttochangethewaytheyworkforthesakeofacomputersystem,thesuccessofanEHRprogramisdictatednotonlybythepresenceofthetechnologybutalsobyhowwellthedoctorsaretrainedon,anduse,thetechnology.PhysiciansneedtoseethebenefitsofusingEHRsystemsbothpersistentlyandconsistently,saysLouisBaverso,chiefinformationofficeratUPMC'sMagee-Women'sHospital.Butthesebenefitsmightnotbeobviousatfirst,hesays,adding,"Whatdoctorsseeinthebeginningisthatthey'relosingtheirabilitytoworkwithpaperdocuments,whichhasbeensovaluabletothemupuntilnow."
Opportunitiesandcosts
GiventhelackofEHRadoptionthroughoutthehealthcareworld,therearealotofopportunitiestogetthisright(orwrong).Lessthan10percentofU.S.hospitalshaveadoptedelectronicmedicalrecordseveninthemostbasicway,accordingtoastudyauthoredbyAshishJha,associateprofessorofhealthpolicyandmanagementatHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth.Only1.5percenthaveadoptedacomprehensivesystemofelectronicrecordsthatincludesphysicians'notesandordersanddecisionsupportsystemsthatalertdoctorsofpotentialdruginteractionsorotherproblemsthatmightresultfromtheirintendedorders.
CostistheprimaryfactorstallingEHRsystems,followedbyresistancefromphysiciansunwillingtoadoptnewtechnologiesandalackofstaffwithadequateITexpertise,accordingtoJha.Heindicatedthatahospitalcouldspendfrom$20millionto$200milliontoimplementanelectronicrecordsystemoverseveralyears,dependingonthesizeofthehospital.Atypicaldoctor'sofficewouldcostanestimated$50,000tooutfitwithanEHRsystem.
TheupsideofEHRsystemsismoredifficulttoquantify.Althoughsomeestimatessaythathospitalsanddoctor'sofficescouldsaveasmuchas$100millionannuallybymovingtoEHRs,themereactofimplementingthetechnologyguaranteesneithercostsavingsnorimprovementsincare,JhasaidduringaHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthcommunityforumonSeptember17.AnotherHarvardstudyofhospitalcomputerizationlikewisedeterminedthatcuttingcostsandimprovingcarethroughhealthITasitexiststodayis"wishfulthinking".ThisstudywasledbyDavidHimmelstein,associateprofessoratHarvardMedicalSchool.
Thecostofgettingitwrong
ThedifferencebetweentheprojectedcostsavingsandtherealityofthesituationstemsfromthefactthattheEHRtechnologiesimplementedtodatehavenotbeendesignedtosavemoneyorimprovepatientcare,saysLeonardD'Avolio,associatecenterdirectorofBiomedicalInformaticsattheMassachusettsVeteransEpidemiologyResearchandInformationCenter(MAVERIC).Instead,EHRsareusedtodocumentindividualpatients'conditions,passthisinformationamongclinicianstreatingthosepatients,justifyfinancialreimbursementandserveasthelegalrecordsofevents.
Thisisbecause,ifahealthcarefacilityhas$1milliontospend,itsmanagersaremorelikelytospenditonanexpensivepieceoflabequipmentthanoninformationtechnology,D'Avoliosays,addingthattheinvestmentonlabequipmentcanbemadeupbychargingpatientsaccesstoitasabillableservice.ThisisnotthecaseforIT.Also,computersandnetworksusedthroughouthospitalsandhealthcarefacilitiesaredisconnectedandoftenmanufacturedbydifferentvendorswithoutastandardizedwayofcommunicating."Medicaldataisdifficulttostandardizebecausecaringforpatientsisacomplexprocess,"hesays."Weneedtofindsomewayofreachingacrossnotjustdepartmentsbutentirehospitals.Ifyoucan'tmeasuresomething,youcan'timproveit,andwithoutaccesstothisdata,youcan'tmeasureit."
Toqualifyforapieceofthe$19billionbeingofferedthroughtheAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct(ARRA),healthcarefacilitieswillhavetojustifythesignificanceoftheirITinvestmentstoensuretheyare"meaningfulusers"ofEHRs.TheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServiceshasyettodefinewhatitconsidersmeaningfuluse
Aggregatinginfotocreateknowledge
Ideally,inadditiontoprovidingdoctorswithbasicinformationabouttheirpatients,databasesofvitalsigns,images,laboratoryvalues,medications,diseases,interventions,andpatientdemographicinformationcouldbeminedfornewknowledge,D'Avoliosays."Withjustafewofthesedatabasesnetworkedtogether,thepowertoimprovehealthcareincreasesexponentially,"D'Avoliosuggested."Allthatismissingisthecollectiverealizationthatbetterhealthcarerequiresaccesstobetterinformation—notautomationofthestatusquo."Downtheroad,theadditionofgenomicinformation,environmentalfactorsandfamilyhistorytothesedatabaseswillenableclinicianstobegintorealizethepotentialofpersonalizedmedicine,headded.
1.InAmerica,itisslowtoadoptinformationtechnologybecause—————.
A)thefundsinvestedbyth