合集.docx

合集.docx

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合集

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ISSUE9-"Academicdisciplineshavebecomesospecializedinrecentyearsthatscholars'ideasreachonlyanarrowaudience.Untilscholarscanreachawideraudience,theirideaswillhavelittleuse."

Ithasbeendebatedforalongtimewhetherscholars’ideaswouldbeusefuliftheycannotreachawideraudience.Inmyperspective,theirideasundoubtedlyinfluenceourlife,nomatterhowspecializedacademicdisciplineshavebecome.Mypointsofviewinvolvethefundamentalnatureandeffectoftheirideas,asdiscussedbelow.

Firstofall,specializeddisciplinesaredesirable.Afterall,withtheincreasingexpansionofknowledgeanddeepexplorationofdisciplines,peoplecannotsatisfyourinsatiableappetiteforcurrentknowledgeandinformation.Thus,tomeettheneedsofourinfinitedesireforunchartedworld,itisessentiallyimportantforustoinitiateawholeoriginalfieldtoexplore.Asaresult,biologyandchemistrymergedandformedanewdisciplinecalledbiochemistry.QuantumappliedtophysicsleadtoquantumchemistryaimedtoexplorethemicroworldaroundussuchasmolecularstructureandtheprincipleofmolecularmotionaswellasWatsonandCricknoticingdoublehelixstructureofDNAsinitiateanunprecedentedfieldofgeneticdisease.Thesethreeexamplesrevealagrandfutureforus.

However,thespeakerunfairlypointsoutthatscholarsshouldmaketheirideastoreachawideraudience.First,inthisverynotionaboutscholars'ideasliesmyfirstpointofthisclaim.Thespeakerunfairlyarguesthatscholarsshouldextendtheirideastoenablemoreaudiencetocomprehendirrespectiveofwhethertheyareobjectiveinterpretationoftruenatureofscience.Iftheycanbechangedorexpandedsoeasily,thentherightnessofscholars’ideasisdisputable.Afterall,thescholars’ideasareusedtoobjectivelyinterpretphenomenaofourworld,nottomakemorepeopleunderstand.Althoughtheirideas’maybefarbeyondourabilitytounderstand,scholarscanclearlyrevealscientificfactsthroughvisualizedimagesormodelstomakeaudiencemorelikelyunderstandtheirideas.Forexample,thephotoofthemagnifiedmodelofDNA’sstructurecanbeseenincertaindisciplinejournalandacomplicatedformulasregardingmolecularmotionareusedtodescribethetrackofit.Accordingly,somanyscholars’effortsservetomeettheneedoflargeraudience.

Lastbutnottheleast,weareactuallyenjoyingresultsofscientificresearchersgeneratedbytheirrationales.Admittedly,theirideasareprofoundtosomedegree,anditisunnecessaryforustocomprehendtheirtheories.Yet,weareactuallyusingtheiroutcomestoperfectourlivingstandard.Whenwearetalkingaboutcloningsheep,arewerealizingitssuccessisattributabletothedevelopmentofgenetics?

Anotherproperillustrationofthispointinvolvestherecombinanthumaninsulin（RHI）.Thisachievementisbasedonthefoundationofbiochemistry.Althoughwehavenoideaofanyknowledgeaboutbiochemistry,infact,weenjoytheconveniencebroughtbyscholars'ideasandsolutionstopermanentdiseasessuchasdiabetes.Accordingly,theeffectivenessofscholars'ideasdependsontheirpracticalityratherthanonpeople’sacknowledgementofthem.

Insum,whileacademicdisciplineshavebecomesospecializedthatscholars'ideasreachonlyanarrowaudience,itdoesnotmeanthattheirideasareofnouseatall.Furthermore,scholarsarealsotryingtheirbesttopresenttheirideasmoreclearlyandconcrete.Infact,theoutcomesareappliedtoeveryaspectofourlife.

48.Thestudyofhistoryplacestoomuchemphasisonindividuals.Themostsignificanteventsandtrendsinhistoryweremadepossiblenotbythefamousfew,butbygroupsofpeoplewhoseidentitieshavelongbeenforgotten.

Ifundamentallyagreewiththeassertionthatthemostsignificanteventsandtrendsinhistoryweremadepossiblebygroupsofpeopleratherthanindividuals.However,thespeakerunnecessarilyextendsthisbroadassertiontoembraceallofthesituations,whileignoringthecrucialeffectmadebyfamousfew.Myviewpointofthecontentionwiththespeakerinvolvesthefundamentalnatureandeffectofhistory,asdiscussedbelow.

Iconcedethatthespeakerisontherightphilosophicalpositioninseveralaspects.First,itisnotthefewcelebritiesthatdeterminetheglorioushumandevelopment.Itisjustallofthepeople--includingourancestorsandouroffspring--dothat.Afterall,itisatruefactthatone'spowerandcapabilitytochangeortoadvancethesocietyaheadarelimited.Moreover,groupsofpeopleinvolvedinthosesignificanteventstendtocontributedtothefinaloutcomemoreorless.TheexampleofancientGreekpoetHomercomestomymind.Withoutfolksongsaccumulatedandmodifiedbyancestors,hewouldnotcompletethetime-consumingworkssuchastheIliadandtheOdyssey.Inretrospect,hadtheancestorsnotaccumulatedthefolksongs,theremightnotbethemasterpieceandrenownedpersonHomerwhoseidentityhaslongbeenremembered.Asaresult,itisunjustifiableforustooverlookorputlessemphasisongroupsofpeople.

Secondargumentisanappealtothesocialenvironment,whichprovidesindividualswithavarietyofsuccessfulfactors.Althoughthemostsignificanteventsandtrendswereledbygreatpersons,theobjectiveenvironmentfacilitatesthegrowthofevents.ConsideroneofthegreatestabolitionistsMartinLutherKing,wholedtheAfricanAmericanstobeexemptfromthecontrolofothers,andwhosewholelifeisdevotedtothefreedomofslavers.Asitturnsout,whileKingassumedanactiveormaybeanoverridingroleinemancipatingslaves,wecannotdenyorevenforgotthoseslaveswhowasstrugglingforthereownfreedom,andinthemeantime,wearesupposedtorememberorevenrespectamyriadofunknownpeopledevotingtheirlivestothissacredcarrierlikeKing,forthereasonthatitisachainofthoseeventsthatresultsintheultimatesuccess.Inotherwords,thegreatbreakthroughthatAfricanAmericansareequaltoothersandhaverightstovoteandvetocanbeachievednotonlybyfewpeoplelikeKing.

Ontheotherhandaretwocompellingargumentsagainstthespeakers'position.Thefirstonehastowithpanderingtopublicdesireonthebasisthatpublicneedsidolstorespect.Furthermore,governmenttendstoshapeanexampletoenablecitizenstofollowitsideasaccordinggovernment'swill.Wecannotimaginethatwhattheworldwouldbelikeiftherehadnotanyheroesorheroines?

Otherwise,insuchsociety,wewouldbeleftwithviolence,districtconflictsandalargegroupofilliterateswithoutanysocialmoralrestrictions.Althoughpolicemenareabletorestrictandlimitcitizensbehaviorstosomeextentbyusingstrongforce,butcannoteradicatetheunmoralandnegativeideasofpeoplefromtheirbrains.

Additionally,althoughwecannotignorethatinmostareasgroupsofunknownpeoplecontributetothegreateventsandtrends,itisnottrueinotherfieldslikescientificresearches,becauseonlyasmallnumberofpeoplecalledprecursorsarefamiliarwiththem.Evenifthemassesarewillingtoandtrytheirbesttohelpscientiststoresolveproblems,itisfarbeyondtheircapability.Forexample,Einstein'scontributiontothehumanity--theprincipleofrelativity--isentirelymadebyhim,whichissupposedtoberememberedforever.Afterall,neverapersondabblesinthisfieldbeforehim.Asaresult,weshouldplacemuchemphasisonsuchprecursors.

Insum,weshouldfullyrecognizeandfurtherunderscoretheinfluenceofthemassedwhohavebeenwashedawaybytheriverofhistory,butthisisnotequivalenttosaythatthefamousfewdoesnotdeservetheirpresentemphasis.Additionally,inmyperspective,governmentshouldplacemoreemphasisonelitesforthepurposeofshapingexamplestoemulate.

51.Educationwillbetrulyeffectiveonlywhenitisspecificallydesignedtomeettheindividualneedsandinterestsofeachstudent.

Willeducationbesurelyeffectiveonlywhenitisappliedtomeettheneedsandinterestsofeachstudent?

Althoughthisargumentseemsostensiblytobejustifiable---onewhichallofusarelookingforwardto--itisunpracticalbasedonthecurrentsystemofeducation.Mypointsofthecontentionwiththespeakerarediscussedbelow.

AsIseeit,itmightbetemptingtoagreewiththespeakeronthebasisthatinterestplaysapivotalroleinone'ssuccess.Asweallknow,interestswillincitemorelearningardorwhenteachersareeducatingstudentsinaccordancewiththeirinterestsandpersonaltastes,therebyenablingtheirpotentialcapabilityandimaginationtosoarwithoutanyacademicandmentallimits.OneaptillustrationofthispointinvolvesoneofthemostfamousphysicistsFaraday,whofoundedthelawofelectromagnetism.Withoutinsatiableappetiteforexploringthephenomenonthatunstableelectricflowcausemagnetism,wemightstillliveinaworldwithoutelectricappliancessuchascomputers,incandescentlamps,andsoforth.Onbalance,accordingly,convincedoftheimportanceofindividualinterestsforinventionsandproductionofnewtheory,moderngovernmentsshouldrenderstudent-centerededucationaccessibletoeachindividualtogetbackinterestsintheformofalargenumberofenlightenedyoungmenandwomenwhoarepotentialscientistsandartists.

Ontheotherhandarethreecompellingargumentagainstspeaker'sassertionwhenitcomestotheneedsofindividuals.Thefirstreasonisthatwhoaredeterminedtojudgethestudents'interests.Itisuptoparentsorteachersormaybestudentsthemselvestoattempttotakeupwhateversubjectorareastheylike.Admittedly,studentsareinclinedtobemorefamiliarwiththemselvesthan