定语从句复习学案.docx
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定语从句复习学案
语法专题2
-----定语从句
一、概述
1.考纲解读
(1)关系代词与关系副词的选择
(2)非限制性定语从句,尤其是整个主句作为先行词的情况
(3)whose,where,when,why,that,as以及由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
(4)定语从句与并列句、when,where引导的状语从句以及that引导的同位语从句的区别
2.命题规律
(1)that与which的选用;that与where/when的选用
(2)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
(3)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
(4)定语从句的分隔现象,即分隔式定语从句;
(5)定语从句与相近句型的用法区别。
3.命题趋势
(1)定语从句在高考中的考查方式、题型已臻于稳定,预计2015年对定语从句的考查不会有太大的变化,将会主要考查关系代词、关系副词的选择,尤其是当先行词是表示抽象的时间、地点的名词时其后的关系词的选择。
(2)命题语境化将愈加强烈,要求考生根据语境来判断是不是定语从句。
(3)命题的综合性将越来越强,将会把定语从句与其他重要语法项目(如时态,语态,主谓一致,强调句,倒装句,名词性从句,虚拟语气等)结合起来一起考查。
二、定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句:
在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的句子叫做定语从句,它一般紧跟在它所修饰的词后面。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。
2.关系词:
定语从句中连接主句和从句的词叫关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有where,when,why等。
关系词常有3个作用:
(1)连接作用。
连接定语从句的主句和从句。
(2)替代作用。
代替先行词。
(3)成分作用。
在定语从句中担当一个成分。
3.先行词:
被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人在从句中做主语
TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.
在踢足球的男孩们是一班的.
YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.昨天,我帮助了一个迷路的老人.
2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
(注:
who和whom已无太大区别,可以通用。
)
Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedwithonthebus.
刘先
生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人.
Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩.
Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.
你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友.
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语\宾语表语,做宾语时可省略
Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.
足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏.
Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.
4.that既可指人也可指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.
Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?
5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.
Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.
whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替:
Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
Doyoulikethebookwhosecolor
isyellow?
Doyoulikethebookthecolor
ofwhichisyellow?
6.as引导的限制性定语从句:
当先行词前有such,thesame修饰时,常用as引导定语从句
Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.
Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.
ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语
IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.
Icanstillrememberthattherewasatimewhenadeepbluesky,thesongofthebirds,moonlightandflowerscouldneverhavekeptmespellbound.
2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
ShanghaiisthecitywhereI
wasborn.
ThehousewhereIlivedtenyea
rsagohasbeenpulleddown.
3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.
Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.
注意:
关系副词可以由“介词+which”替换
Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,
Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.
Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich./whereIwasborn.
三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
A.关系副词均可分解为:
介词+which
Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.
Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.
B.先行词要加上某个恰当的介词才能在从句中做成分。
TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.
We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.
注意:
1.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词
Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.
Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.
Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.
2.介词后面的关系词不能省略。
3.that前不能有介词。
四、非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分表意完整。
1.当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词、指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。
CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.
查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.
这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。
2.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这
时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.
他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.
天气变好了,这我们都没想到。
3.as也可用作非限制性定语从句中的关系代词,代表主句所表达的全部内容。
Asisknowntoall,theGreatWallisoneoftheeightwondersintheworld.
4.在非限定性定语从句中,不能使用关系代词that
五、先行词和关系词二合一 :
what;whatever;whoever;whomever
Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere. (whoever=anyonewho)
Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool.(what=allthat)
但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了,是名词性从句。
因为定语从句一定要有先行词,而名词性从句没有。
将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyonewho”、“allthat”代替后,才是定语从句,先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。
六、定语从句的难点分析
(一)关系代词与关系副词的区别
(二)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1.当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much,each等修饰时
Haveyoutakendowneverything(that)Mr.Lihassaid?
Thereseemstobenothing(that)seemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.
Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
Thereislittle(that)Icandoforyou.
注意1:
部分时候that可以省略,如部分例句将that用括号括住。
注意2:
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
Anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.
2.当先行词被序数词修饰
ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.
4.当形容词被thevery,theonly,thesame,thelast修饰时
ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy,
Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.
5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时
Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?
6.当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时
Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?
7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语或先行词本身就作主语的表语
Thevillageisnolongertheonethatitusedtobe10yearsago.
Thisisagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.
(三)定语从句中不用that的情况
1.在引导非限定性定语从句时。
Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,Isveryfamoushere.(F)
2.介词后不能用。
Wedependonthe
landfromwhichwegetourfood.
Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.
(四)关系代词as和which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别:
1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子。
Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.
2.as引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.
Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.
John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.
HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.
3.as有“正如……,正像……”的意思;而which则有“这件事,那件事”之意。
注意:
当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which
Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.
(四)关系代词as和that引导限制性定语从句的区别。
SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.
她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.
她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
(五)定语从句such…as…与结果状语从句such…that…的区别:
as在所引导的定语从句中作主语,宾语;that在结果状语从句中不做成分
HehassuchagoodlaptopasIwanttobuy.
HehassuchagoodlaptopthatIwanttobyone.
(六)以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,
that引导,而且通常可以省略。
Thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising.
(七)区分定语从句和同位语从句
(1)TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.
(2)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.
(3)Thenewshetoldmeistrue.
(4)Thenewsthathehasjustdie
distrue.
(5)Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.
(6)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.
定语从句练习
1.Don’ttalkaboutsuchthingsof__________youarenotsure.
A.whichB.whatC.asD.those
2.Isthisthefactory__________youvisitedtheotherday?
A.thatB.whereC.inwhichD.theone
3.Isthisfactory__________someforeignfriendsvisitedlastFriday?
A.thatB.whereC.whichD.theone
4.Isthisthefactory__________heworkedtenyearsago?
A.thatB.whereC.whichD.theone
5.Thewolveshidthemselvesintheplaces__________couldn’tbefound.
A.thatB.whereC.inwhichD.inthat
6.Thefreezingpointisthetemperature__________waterchangesintoice.
A.atwhichB.onthatC.inwhichD.ofwhat
7.Thisbookwillshowyou__________canbeusedinothercontexts..
A.howyouhaveobserved
B.whatyouhaveobserved
C.thatyouhaveobserved
D.howthatyouhaveobserved
8.Thereasonis__________heisunabletooperatethemachine.
A.becauseB.whyC.thatD.whether
9.I’lltellyou__________hetoldmelastweek.
A.allwhichB.thatC.allthatD.which
10.Thattree,__________branchesarealmostbare,isveryold.
A.whoseB.ofwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich
11.Ihaveboughtthesamedress__________sheiswearing.
A.asB.thatC.whichD.what
12.Hefailedintheexamination,__________madehisfatherveryangry.
A.whichB.itC.thatD.what
13.We’retalkingaboutthepianoandthepianist__________wereintheconcertweattendedlastnight.
A.whichB.whomC.whoD.that
14.Thegirl__________anEnglishsonginthenextroomisTom’ssister.
A.whoissingingB.issinging
C.sangD.wassinging
15.Those__________notonlyfrombooksbutalsothroughpracticewillsucceed.
A.learnB.whoC.thatlearnsD.wholearn
16.Anyone__________thisopinionmayspeakout.
A.thatagainstsB.thatagainst
C.whoisagainstD.whoareagainst
17.Didn’tyouseetheman__________?
A.Inoddedjustnow
B.whomInoddedjustnow
C.Inoddedtohimjustnow
D.Inoddedtojustnow
18.Canyoulendmethenovel__________theotherday?
A.thatyoutalked
B.youtalkedaboutit
C.whichyoutalkedwith
D.youtalkedabout
19.Isthereanything__________toyou?
A.thatisbelongedB.thatbelongs
C.thatbelongD.whichbelongs
20.----“Howdoyoulikethebook?
”
----“It’squitedifferentfrom__________Ireadlastmonth.”
A.that