南京大学英语专业考研真题.docx

南京大学英语专业考研真题.docx

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南京大学英语专业考研真题

南京大学英语专业考研真题（2008-12-0512:

12:

47）

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杂谈 

南京大学英语专业考研真题

PartA  VocabularyandReading（50/150）

Readthepassagebelowandthencompletethetasksthatfollow:

LanguageandCulturalIdentity

C.Kramsch

para.1Itiswidelybelievedthatthereisanaturalconnectionbetweenthelanguagespokenbymembersofasocialgroupandthatgroup'sidentity.Bytheiraccent,theirvocabulary,theirdiscoursepatterns,speakersidentifythemselvesandareidentifiedasmembersofthisorthatspeechanddiscoursecommunity.Fromthismembership,theydrawpersonalstrengthandpride,aswellasasenseofsocialimportanceandhistoricalcontinuityfromusingthesamelanguageasthegrouptheybelongto.

para.2 Buthowtodefinewhichgrouponebelongsto?

Inisolated,homogeneouscommunitiesliketheTrobriandersstudiedbyMalinowski,onemaystilldefinegroupmembershipaccordingtocommonculturalpracticesanddailyface-to-faceinteractions,butinmodem,historicallycomplex,opensocietiesitismuchmoredifficulttodefinetheboundariesofanyparticularsocialgroupandthelinguisticandculturalidentitiesofitsmembers.

para.3 Takeethnicityforexample.Intheir1982surveyconductedamongthehighlymixedpopulationofBelize（formerlyBritishHonduras）,LePageandTabouret-Kellerfoundoutthatdifferentpeopleascribedthemselvestodifferentethnicitiesaseither'Spanish','Creole','Maya'or'Belizean',accordingtowhichethniccriteriontheyfocusedon—physicalfeatures（hairandskin）,generalappearance,geneticdescent,provenance,ornationality.Rarelywaslanguageusedasanethnicallydefiningcriterion.Interestingly,itwasonlyunderthethreatofaGuatemalantakeoverassoonasBritishrulewouldcease,thatthesenseofaBelizeannationalidentityslowlystartedemergingfromamongthemultipleethnicascriptionsthatpeoplestillgivethemselvestothisday.

para.4 Groupidentitybasedonracewouldseemeasiertodefine,andyettherearealmostasmanygeneticdifferences,say,betweenmembersofthesameWhite,orBlackraceastherearebetweentheclassicallydescribedhumanraces,nottospeakofthedifficultyinsomecasesofascertainingwith100percentexactitudeaperson'sraciallineage.Forexample,in1983theSouthAfricanGovernmentchangedtheracialclassificationof690people:

two-thirdsofthese,whohadbeenColoreds,becameWhites,71whohadbeenBlacksbecameColoreds,and11Whiteswereredistributedamongotherracialgroups!

And,ofcourse,thereisnonecessarycorrelationbetweenagivenracialcharacteristicandtheuseofagivenlanguageorvarietyoflanguage

para.5Regionalidentityisequallycontestable.AsreportedintheLondonTimesofFebruary1984,whenaSovietbook,PopulationsoftheWorld,claimedthatthepopulationofFranceconsistedof'French,Alsatians,Flemings,Bretons,Basques,Catalans,Corsicans,Jews,Armenians,Gypsiesand"others'",GeorgesMarchais,theFrenchCommunistleader,violentlydisagreed:

'Forus',hesaid,'everymanandwomanofFrenchnationalityisFrench.Franceisnotamultinationalstate:

itisonenation,theproductofalonghistory....'

para.6 Onewouldthinkthatnationalidentityisaclear-cuteither/oraffair（eitheryouareoryouarenotacitizen）,butitisonething,forexample,tohaveaTurkishpassport,anotherthingtoascribetoyourselfaTurkishnationalidentityifyouwereborn,raisedandeducated,say,inGermany,arenativespeakerofGerman,andhappentohaveTurkishparents.

para.7    Despitetheentrenchedbeliefintheonelanguage=onecultureequation,individualsassumeseveralcollectiveidentitiesthatarelikelynotonlytochangeovertimeindialoguewithothers,butareliabletobeinconflictwithoneanother.Forexample,animmigrant'ssenseofselfthatwaslinkedinhiscountryoforiginperhapstohissocialclass,hispoliticalviews,orhiseconomicstatusbecomes,inthenewcountry,overwhelminglylinkedtohisnationalcitizenshiporhisreligion,forthisistheidentitythatisimposedonhimbyothers,whoseeinhimnow,forexample,onlyaTurkoraMuslim.Hisownsenseofself,orculturalidentity,changesaccordingly.Outofnostalgiaforthe'oldcountry',hemaytendtobecomemoreTurkishthantheTurksandentertainwhatBenedictAndersonhascalled'longdistancenationalism'.TheTurkishhespeaksmaybecomewiththepassionofyearssomewhatdifferentfromtheTurkishspokentodayinthestreetsofAnkara;thecommunityheusedtobelongtoisnowmorean'imaginedcommunity'thantheactualpresent-dayTurkey.

para.8    Theproblemliesinequatingtheracial,ethnic,nationalidentityimposedonanindividualbythestate'sbureaucraticsystem,andthatindividual'sself-ascription.Groupidentityisnotanationalfact,butaculturalperception,tousethemetaphorwithwhichwestartedthisbook.Ourperceptionofsomeone'ssocialidentityisverymuchculturallydetermined.Whatweperceivedaboutaperson'scultureandlanguageiswhatwehavebeenconditionedbyourownculturetosee,andthestereotypicalmodelsalreadybuiltaroundourown.Groupidentityisaquestionoffocusinganddiffusionofethnic,racialnationalconceptsorstereotypes.Letustakeanexample,

para.9    LePageandTabouret-KellerrecountthecaseofamaninSingaporewhoclaimedthathewouldneverhaveanydifficultyintellingthedifferencebetweenanIndianandaChinese.Buthowwouldheinstantlyknowthatthedark-skinnednon-MalaypersonhesawonthestreetwasanIndian（andnot,sayaPakistani）,andthatlight-skinnednon-EuropeanwasaChinese（andnot,say,aKorean）,unlesshedifferentiatedthetwoaccordingtotheofficialSingaporean'ethnic'categories:

Chinese,Malay,Indian,Others?

Inanothercontextwithdifferentracialclassificationshemighthaveinterpreted:

differentlythevisualcluespresentedtohimbypeopleonthestreet.Hisimpressionwasfocusedbytheclassificatoryconceptsprevalentinhissociety,abehaviorthatBenjaminWhorfwouldhavepredicted.Inturnthisfocusmayprompthim,byaphenomenonofdiffusion,toidentifyallother'Chinese'alongthesameethniccategories,accordingtothestereotype'AllChineselookaliketome'.

para.10 Ithastobenotedthatsocietiesimposeracialandethniccategoriesonlyoncertaingroups:

Whitesdonotgenerallyidentifythemselvesbythecoloroftheirskin,butbytheirprovenanceornationality.TheywouldfinditludicroustodrawtheirsenseofculturalidentityfromtheirmembershipintheWhiterace.HencetheratherstartledreactionoftwoDanishwomenintheUnitedStatestoayoungAfrican-Americanboy,who,overhearingtheirconversationinDanish,askedthem'What'syourculture?

'Seeinghowperplexedtheywere,heexplainedwithasmile'See,I'mBlack.That'smyculture.What'syours?

'LaughinglytheyansweredthattheyspokeDanishandcamefromDenmark.Interestingly,theboydidnotuselanguageasacriterionofgroupidentity,buttheDanishdid.

para.11 Europeanidentitieshavetraditionallybeenbuiltmuchmorearoundlanguageandnationalcitizenship,andaroundfolkmodelsof'onenation=onelanguage',thanaroundethnicityorrace.ButeveninEurope,thematterisnotsosimple.Forexample,AlsatianswhospeakGerman,FrenchandGermanicPiattmayalternativelyconsiderthemselvesasprimarilyAlsatians,orFrench,orGerman,dependingonhowtheypositionthemselvesvis-à-visthehistoryoftheirregionandtheirfamilybiography.AyoungsterbornandraisedinFranceofAlgerianparentsmay,eventhoughhespeaksonlyFrench,callhimselfAlgerianinFrance,butwhenabroadhemightprefertobeseenasFrench,dependingonwhichgrouphewishestobeidentifiedwithatthetime.

para.12 Examplesfromotherpartsoftheworldshowhowcomplexthelanguage-culturalidentityrelationshipreallyis.TheChinese,forexample,identifythemselvesethnicallyasChineseeventhoughtheyspeaklanguagesordialectswhicharemutuallyunintelligible.DespitethefactthatalargenumberofChinesedon'tknowhowtoreadandwrite,itistheChinesecharacter-writingsystemandtheartofcalligraphythatarethemajorfactorsofanoverallChinesegroupidentity.

Task1:

Foreachofthefollowingitems,studythereadingpassageandchooseA,BorCthatbestcompletesthestatement（30/150）:

（1）Inthesentence"Bytheiraccent,theirvocabulary,theirdiscoursepatterns,speakersidentifythemselvesandareidentifiedasmembersofthisorthatspeechanddiscoursecommunity,"thephrase"discoursecommunity"means:

  A）communalgroup        B）culturalgroup        C）discoursegroup

（2）Whentheauthorstates:

"[Themodern,historicallycomplex,opensocietiesitismuchmoredifficulttodefinetheboundariesofanyparticularsocialgroupandthelinguisticandculturalidentitiesofitsmembers,"heimpliesthatanopensocietyis:

  A）asocietyofmanypeople

  B）asocietyofdiversediscourses

  C）asocietyofmulti-ethnicstructure

（3）"[T]hesenseofaBelizeannationalidentity"meansasenseof

  A）language   B）belonging   C）history

（4）Whentheauthordeclaresthat"thereisnonecessarycorrelationbetweenagivenracialcharacteristicandtheuseofagivenlanguageorvarietyoflanguage,"hethinksthattherelationshipbetweenalanguageandacultureis

  A）complex   B）fixed    C）uncertain

（5）GeorgesMarchaissaid,"everymanandwomanofFrenchnationalityisFrench.Franceisnotamultinationalstate:

itisonenation,theproductofalonghistory...."Heprobablyregarded"'French"as

  A）ahistoricalsymbolofastate

  B）aprimarytokenofanationalidentity

  C）aproductofalonghistory

Task2:

Thefo