北师大考博英语.docx

北师大考博英语.docx

《北师大考博英语.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《北师大考博英语.docx（17页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

北师大考博英语

北京师范大学2012年3月考博英语真题

PartI:

ListeningComprehension

略

PartII:

ReadingComprehension

Directions:

Therearesixpassagesinthispart.Eachofthepassagesisfollowedbyfivequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSERSHEET.

PassageOne

In1900theUnitedStateshadonlythreecitieswithmorethanamillionresidents-NewYork,Chicago,andPhiladelphia.By1930,ithadtengiantmetropolises.Theneweronesexperiencedremarkablegrowth,whichreflectedbasicchangesintheeconomy.

LineThepopulationofLosAngeles（114,000in1900）rosespectacularlyintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury,increasingadramatic1,400percentfrom1900to1930.AnumberofcircumstancescontributedtothemeteoricriseofLosAngeles.Theagriculturalpotentialoftheareawasenormousifwaterforirrigationcouldbefound,andthecityfoundershadthevisionanddatingtoobtainitbyconstructinga225-mileaqueduct,completedin1913,totapthewateroftheOwensRiver.Thecityhadasuperbnaturalharbor,aswellasexcellentrailconnections.Theclimatemadeitpossibletoshootmotionpicturesyear-round;henceHollywood.Hollywoodnotonlysuppliedjobs;itdisseminatedanimageofthegoodlifeinSouthernCaliforniaonscreensallacrossthenation.ThemostimportantsingleindustrypoweringthegrowthofLosAngeles,however,wasdirectlylinkedtotheautomobile.ThedemandforpetroleumtofuelgasolineenginesledtotheopeningoftheSouthernCaliforniaoilfields,andmadeLosAngelesNorthAmerica'sgreatestrefiningcenter.

LosAngeleswasaproductoftheautoageinanothersenseaswell:

itsdistinctivespatialorganizationdependedonwidespreadprivateownershipofautomobiles.LosAngeleswasadecentralizedmetropolis,sprawlingacrossthedesertlandscapeoveranareaof400squaremiles.Itwasacitywithoutarealcenter.Thedowntownbusinessdistrictdidnotgrowapacewiththecityasawhole,andtherapidtransitsystemdesignedtolinkthecenterwithoutlyingareaswitheredawayfromdisuse.Approximately800,000carswereregisteredinLosAngelesCountyin1930,oneper2.7residents.SomevisitorsfromtheeastcoastweredismayedattheendlessurbansprawlanddismissedLosAngelesasamerecollectionofsuburbsinsearchofacity.Butthefreedomandmobilityofacitybuiltonwheelsattractedfloodsofmigrantstothecity.

21.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.ThegrowthofcitiesintheUnitedStatesintheearly1900's

B.ThedevelopmentoftheSouthernCaliforniaoilfields

C.FactorscontributingtothegrowthofLosAngeles

D.IndustryandcityplanninginLosAngeles

22.TheauthorcharacterizesthegrowthofnewlargecitiesintheUnitedStatesafter1900asresultingprimarilyfrom

A.neweconomicconditions

B.imagesofcitiesshowninmovies

C.newagriculturaltechniques

D.alargemigrantpopulation

23.Theword"meteoric"inline6isclosestinmeaningto

A.rapidB.famousC.controversialD.methodical

24.Accordingtothepassage,themostimportantfactorinthedevelopmentofagriculturearoundLosAngeleswasthe

A.influxof"newresidentstoagriculturalareasnearthecity

B.constructionofanaqueduct

C.expansionoftransportationfacilities

D.developmentofnewconnectionstothecity'snaturalharbor

25.ThevisitorsfromtheeastcoastmentionedinthepassagethoughtthatLosAngeles

A.wasnotaccuratelyportrayedbyHollywoodimages

B.lackedgoodsuburbanareasinwhichtolive

C.hadanexcessivelylargepopulation

D.wasnotreallyasinglecity

PassageTwo

Imagineeatingeverythingdeliciousyouwantwithnoneofthefat.Thatwouldbegreat,wouldn'tit?

New“fakefat”productsappearedonstoreshelvesintheUnitedStatesrecently,butnoteveryoneishappyaboutit.Makersoftheproducts,whichcontainacompoundcalledolestra,sayfoodmanufacturerscannoweliminatefatfromcertainfoods,Critics,however,saythatthenewcompoundcanrobthebodyofessentialvitaminsandnutrientsandcanalsocauseunpleasantsideeffectsinsomepeople.Soitisuptoconsumerstodecidewhetherthenewfat-freeproductstastegoodenoughtokeepeating.

Chemistsdiscoveredolestrainthelate1960s,whentheyweresearchingforafatthatcouldbedigestedbyinfantsmoreeasily.Insteadoffindingthedesiredfat,theresearcherscreatedafatthatcan’tbedigestedatall.

Normally,specialchemicalsintheintestines“grab”moleculesofregularfatandbreakthemdownsotheycanbeusedbythebody.Amoleculeofregularfatismadeupofthreemoleculesofsubstancescalledfattyacids.

ThefattyacidsareabsorbedbytheintestinesandbringwiththemtheessentialvitaminsA,D,EandK.Whenfatmoleculesarepresentintheintestineswithanyofthosevitamins,thevitaminsattachtothemoleculesandarecarriedintothebloodstream.

Olestra,whichismadefromsixtoeightmoleculesoffattyacids,istoolargefortheintestinestoabsorb.Itjustslidesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingbrokendown.Manufacturerssayit’sthatabilitytoslideunchangedthroughtheintestinesthatmakesolestrasovaluableasafatsubstitute.Itprovidesconsumerswiththetasteofregularfatwithoutanybadeffectsonthebody.ButcriticssayolestracanpreventvitaminsA,D,E,andKfrombeingabsorbed.Itcanalsopreventtheabsorptionofcarotenoids,compoundsthatmayreducetheriskofcancer,heartdisease,etc.

ManufacturersareaddingvitaminsA,D,EandKaswellascarotenoidstotheirproductsnow.Evenso,somenutritionistsarestillconcernedthatpeoplemighteatunlimitedamountsoffoodmadewiththefatsubstitutewithoutworryingabouthowmanycaloriestheyareconsuming.

26.Welearnfromthepassagethatolestraisasubstancethat.

A.containsplentyofnutrients

B.rendersfoodscalorie-freewhileretainingtheirvitamins

C.makesfoodseasilydigestible

D.makesfoodsfat-freewhilekeepingthemdelicious

27.Theresultofthesearchforaneasilydigestiblefatturnedouttobe.

A.commerciallyuseless

B.justasanticipated

C.somewhatcontroversial

D.quiteunexpected

28.Olestraisdifferentfromordinaryfatsinthat?

A.itpassesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingabsorbed

B.itfacilitatestheabsorptionofvitaminsbythebody

C.ithelpsreducetheincidenceofheartdisease

D.itpreventsexcessiveintakeofvitamins

29.Whatisapossibleeffectofolestraaccordingtosomecritics?

A.Itmayimpairthedigestivesystem.

B.Itmayaffecttheoverallfatintake.

C.Itmayincreasetheriskofcancer.

D.Itmayspoiltheconsumers’appetite.

30.Whyarenutritionistsconcernedaboutaddingvitaminstoolestra?

A.Itmayleadtotheover-consumptionofvitamins.

B.Peoplemaybeinducedtoeatmorethanisnecessary.

C.Thefunctionoftheintestinesmaybeweakened.

D.Itmaytriggeranewwaveoffakefoodproduction.

PassageThree

A“scientific”viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisview,itwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworth（becausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightaction,itmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedaction）tothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogic,astheywerebythese“scientific”thinkers,rhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard;forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeing,becausepersuasivediscourse,ifhonestlyconceived,alwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplot,asitwere,ofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatitgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeeling,desiring,acting,andsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances—realorfictional—thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse：

theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionally,withhopeorfear,toparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears.

Rhetoric,then,isaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoric,wearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachines,creaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanities,sincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe“scientific”viewleavesout.Ifitisaweaknesstoharborfeelings,thenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoaction,musteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive;purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposes,feelings,anddesires,andtherebyceasedtobepurelogic.

31.Accordingtothepassage,torejectrhetoricandstillhopetopersuadepeopleis

A.anaimofmostspeakersandwriters.

B.anindicationeitherofdishonestyorofcredulity.

C.awayofdisplayingdistrustof