文学导论知识点.docx
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文学导论知识点
poetry
（一）ElementsofPoetry
Rhyme（Rime）
Rhymeistherepetitionofthestressedvowelsoundandallsucceedingsounds
1.SingleorMasculinerhyme单（阳）韵----rhymingsoundsinvolveonlyonesyllable.
.
cold,bold;
thing,king;
day,way
orFemininerhyme双叠（阴）韵----rhymingsoundsinvolvetwoormoresyllables.
.
begin,again；
flatter,matter;
3.Triplerhyme三叠韵----akindoffemininerhymeinwhichidenticalstressedvowelsoundsarefollowedbytwoidenticalunstressedsyllables..machinery,scenery;
tenderly,slenderly;
spitefully,delightfully;
remember,September
4.Internalrhyme（行内韵）----atleastoneoftherhymingwordsarewithintheline..“Eachnarrowcellinwhichwedwell”;“thegrainsbeyondage,thedarkveinsofhermother”
5.Endrhyme（orTerminalrhyme）（行尾韵）----thebothrhymingwordsoccurattheendsoflines.（Thecommonestandmostconsciouslysought-aftersoundrepetitioninEnglishpoetry.）.
Undermywindow,acleanraspingsound
Whenthespadesinksintogravellyground.
Letusrollallourstrength,andall
OurSweetness,upintooneball.
6.BeginningRhyme行首词韵----rhymethatoccursinthefirstsyllableorsyllablesofsuccessivelines..
WhyshouldIhavereturned
Myknowledgewouldnotfitintotheirs.
Ifounduntouchedthedesertoftheunknown.
7.InterlacedorCrossedRhyme交错韵----Wordsinthemiddleofeachlinerhyme.Itoccursinlongcouplets,especiallythehexameter..
Laurelisgreenforaseason,andloveissweetforaday,
Butlovegrowsbitterwithtreason,andlaureloutlivesnotMay.
orExactrhyme（全韵）----differingconsonantsoundsarefollowedbyidenticalstressedvowelsounds,andthefollowingsoundsareidentical.
.
foe,toe;meet,fleet;buffer,rougher;fix,sticks;
9.Halfrhymeoroffrhyme,nearrhyme,obliquerhyme,slantrhyme）（斜韵）----thefemininerhymesthatdonotrhymecompletely..
frightful,slightly;
yellow,pillow；
mirth,forth；
trolley,bully
rhyme（视觉韵）----formedbywordsthatlookalikearhymedunitbutdonothavethesamesounds..cough,bough；home,some;hear,bear
11.Approximaterhymes
Alliteration头韵----repetitionofinitialsounds..
alltheawfulauguries..
Bringmemybowofburninggold;
moreoftendefinedastherepetitionofconsonants..
afterlife’sfitfulfever
（二）Rhymescheme（押韵格式）
----thepatternofalternatingendrhymesinastanzaorpoem.Inanalysisofarhymescheme,eachrhymeisrepresentedbyasmallletter..
Loveisasicknessfullofwoes,（a）
Allremediesrefusing;（b）
Aplantthatwithmostcuttinggrows（a）
Mostbarrenwithbestusing.（b）
Whyso（c）
（三）Stanza----
agroupoflinesofverseformingoneoftheunitsordivisionsofapoem.（Itisusuallyrecurrent,characterizedbyaregularpattern,withrespecttoorunderdeterminationof,thenumberoflines,andarrangementofmeterofrhyme.）
Commonstanzaformsincludethecouplet,thetriplet,andthequatrain
Couplet----twosuccessiverhyminglines:
Forthysweetloverememb’redsuchwealthbrings
ThatthenIscorntochangemystatewithkings.
（ThecoupletisoneofthemainverseunitsinWesternliterature,andisaformofgreatantiquity.ChaucerwasoneofthefirstEnglishpoetstouseitandit’sgenerallythoughtthatChaucerdevelopedtheform.）
Triplet----astanzaofthreelines;anindividualpoemofthreelines.E.g.
WhenasinsilksmyJuliagoes
Then,then（methinks）howsweetlyflows
Thatliquefactionofherclothes.
Next,whenIcastmineeyesandsee
Thatbravevibrationeachwayfree;
Ohowthatglitteringtakethme!
Quatrain----astanzaoranindividualpoemoffourlinesrhymedorunrhymed.ItoccursasthecommonestofallstanzaicformsinEasternandWesternpoetries,andlendsitselftowidevariationinmeterandrhyme..
Ienvynotinanymoods
Thecaptivevoidofnoblerage,
Thelinnetbornwithinthecage
Thatneverknewthesummerwoods;
Ienvynotthebeastthattakes
Hislicenseinthefieldoftime,
unfetteredbythesenseofcrime,
Towhomaconscienceneverwakes.
OtherStanzaicforms：
Quintain----astanzaoranindividualpoemof5lines.
Sexain,orsixain,sextain,hexastich/`heksəstik/----astanzaof6lines
Heptastich/`heptəstik/----astanzaoranindividualpoemof7lines.
Sonnet----a14-linepoem./
（四）MetricalRhythm
Accentsandpauses
Inpoetry,theendofalineofverseisitselfamarkofpunctuation.
Ifthelastwordofalineisfollowedbynopunctuationandispartofacontinuinggrammaticalunitlikeaprepositionalphrase,wecallthelinerun-on,orenjambed.（跨行连续）
.somuchdepends
upon
aredwheel
barrow
glazedwithrain
water
besidethewhite
chickens.
（WilliamCarlosWilliams）
MetricalRhythm
Meter（韵律，格律）----derivedfromtheGreekword“metron”meaning“measure”.Referstotheregularpatternofstressed（markedasOor/）andunstressedsyllables（markedasoor~;u;xetc.）.E.g.
morningOo（or:
/~）
verbalizeOoo（or:
/~~）
tomorrowoOo（or:
~/~）
againoO（or:
~/）
MetricalRhythm
NamesforMeters:
1.Iamb/`aiæmb/（Iambic/ai`æmbik/adj.）:
anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.抑扬格（英）；短长格（西、拉）oO（~/）（da-dum）
E.g.againoO（or:
~/）
ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday
Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate
oOoOoOoOoO
ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday
oOoOoOoOoO
Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.
2.Trochee/`trəuki:
/（trochaic/trəu`keiik/adj.）:
astressedsyllablefollowedbyanunstressedsyllable.扬抑格（英）；长短格（西、拉）Oo（/~）
（dum-da）
E.g.morningOo（or:
/~）
Tiger!
Tiger!
burningbright
Intheforestsofthenight.
OoOoOoO
Tiger!
Tiger!
burningbright
OoOoOoO
Intheforestsofthenight.
OR:
/~/~/~/
Tiger!
Tiger!
burningbright
/~/~/~/
Intheforestsofthenight.
3.AnapestorAnapaest/`ænəpi:
st/（AnapesticorAnapaestic/ænə`pi:
stik/adj.）:
twounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedsyllable抑抑扬格（英）；短短长格（西、拉）.ooO（~~/）（da-da-dum）
E.g.beneficial
…theoldinnandthelights,andthefire
Andthefiddler’soldtuneandtheshufflingoffeet
ooOooOooO
…theoldinnandthelights,andthefire
ooOooOooOooO
Andthefiddler’soldtuneandtheshufflingoffeet
4.Dactyl/`dæktil/（Dactylic/dæk`tilik/adj.）:
astressedsyllablefollowedbytwounstressedsyllables.扬抑抑格；长短短格
Ooo（/~~）E.g.verbalizeOoo（/~~）
OooOooOooOo
Justforahandfulofsilverheleftus,
OooOooOooO
Justforaribandtostickinhiscoat–
5.syllables.扬抑抑格；长短短格
Ooo（/~~）E.g.verbalizeOoo（/~~）
OooOooOooOo
Justforahandfulofsilverheleftus,
OooOooOooO
Justforaribandtostickinhiscoat–
6.Spondee/`spɔndi:
/（Spondaic/spɔn`deiik/adj.）:
astressedsyllablefollowedbyanotherstressedsyllable.扬扬格OO（//）mostoftenusedasasubstituteforaniambortrochee
E.g.
Smartlad,toslipbetimesaway
OOoOoOoO
（五）Foot诗的音步
----Aunitofpoeticmeterofstressedandunstressedsyllablesiscalledafoot.Namesforfeet:
Monometer/mɔ`nɔmitə（r）/:
onefoot单音步诗行
Dimeter/`dimitə（r）/:
twofeet二音步诗行；二步格诗行
Trimeter/`trimitə（r）/:
threefeet三音步诗行
Tetrameter/te`træmitə（r）/:
fourfeet
Pentameter/pen`tæmitə（r）/:
fivefeet
Hexameter/hek`sæmitə（r）/:
sixfeet
Heptameter/hep`tæmitə（r）/:
sevenfeet
Octameter/ɔk`tæmitə（r）/:
eightfeet
Nonameter/nɔ`næmitə（r）:
ninefeet
（linescontainingmorethansevenfeetdonotoftenoccurinEnglishverse）
Illustrationsofmetricalrhythms:
iambicpentameter
oOoOoOoOoO
ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday
oOoOoOoOoO
Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.
oOoOoOoOoO
RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,
oOoOoOoOoO
Andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate:
Twotermsmarkingthemetricalpatternandrhymeschemeofapoem:
Scansion（音律分析：
将诗行分成音步，标出重音位置，算出音节）----tomarkthestressedandunstressedsyllablesandrhymeschemeistoscan.
Caesura/si:
`zjuərə/（诗行中根据意思而作的）主要停顿----apauseinalineofversedictatedbysenseornaturalspeechrhythmratherthanbymetricsiscalledcaesura,whichisoftenmarkedwith“‖”
Illustrationofcaesurae:
Meanwhile,‖decliningfromthenoonofday
Thesunobliquely‖shootshisburningray;
Thehungryjudges‖soonthesentencesign
Andwretcheshang‖thatjurymenmaydine…
KindsofPoetry
1.Ballad2.Lyric
Poem
VerseVerse
NarrativePoem（叙事诗）:
A.Ifapoemmainlytellsarelativelycompletestory,itiscalledanarrativepoem.B.widespreadinmanyliteraturesandcontinuetobewrittenandread.
Epic（史诗）:
a）oneoftheancienttypesofpoetry.
b）playsaveryimportantroleinearlydevelopmentofliteratureandcivilization
c）longnarrativepoemofgreatscaleandgrandiosestyleaboutheroeswhoareusuallywarriorsorevendemigods
d）dealswithnoblecharactersandheroicdeeds
e）incorporatesmyth,legendandfolktale
f）reflectsnationalhistory,thusmoreculturalthanliterary
Sonnet（十四行诗）:
a）oneofthemostconventionalandinfluentialformsofpoetryinEurope----popularinRenaissanceItaly,andthereafterinSpain,PortugalandotherEuropeancountries.
b）GermanandEnglishRomanticsrevivedtheform,whichremainspopular.
c）alyricinvariablyof14lines,usuallyiniambic/ai`æmbik/pentameter/pen'tæmitə/,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.
Sonnet:
therearethreeprominenttypesofsonnet,allnamedaftertheirfoundersorperfecters
1）ShakespeareanSonnet莎士比亚体十四行诗
alsocalledElizabethansonnetorEnglishsonnet.
structuredofthreequatrainsandaterminalcouplet
iniambicpentameter
withtherhymepatternababcdcdefefgg.
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