英语专四模拟题听写答案解析.docx

英语专四模拟题听写答案解析.docx

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英语专四模拟题听写答案解析

269

TVRatings

  ChildrenintheUnitedStateswatchfromonetofivehoursoftelevisioneveryday./That’salotoftelevision!

/Teachersandparentsdon’tlikealotofthechildren’stelevisionprograms./Theythinkalotoftheseprogramsarenotsuitableforchildren./Forthisreason,everytelevisionprograminAmericahasarating./Theratingstellparentsabouttheprogram./Parentscanchecktheratingsinthenewspaperandthisgivesparentsachoice./TV-Gprogramsaresuitableforallages,andfamilieswatchthemtogether./TV-Yprogramsaresuit-ableforchildren2-6,andtheydon’tfrightenchildren./TV-PGprogramsaresuitableforsomechildren,buttheycanfrightenchildren./Someparentswatchtheseprogramswiththeirchildren./Then,theycananswertheirchildren’squestions./TV-14programsaresuitableforchildren14andolder./TV-MAprogramsareforadults,17andolder./Theyarenotsuitableforchildren./

268

  TheFunctionsoftheFamily

  Thefamilyfulfillsanumberofroles,/suchasprovidingeducationandrecreationalactivities./Yetthereareseveralmajorfunctionsperformedbythefamily./First,unliketheyoungofanimals,/humaninfantsneedconstantcareandeconomicsecurity./Inallcultures,thefamilyassumesultimateresponsibilityfortheprotectionofchildren./Second,parentsmonitorachild'sbehavior/andtransmitthevaluesandlanguageofaCulturetothechild./Third,ideally,thefamilyprovidesmemberswithwarmandintimaterelationships/andhelpsthemtofeelsatisfiedandsecure./Unlikeotherinstitutions,thefamilyisobligedtoservetheemotionalneedsofitsmembers./Finally,familyresourcesaffectchildren'sabilitytopursuecertainopportunities/suchashighereducationandspecializedstudy./Itisapparent,then,thatthefamilyhasbeenassigned/atleastfourvitalfunctionswithinhumansocieties./

267                     Stress

  Asthepaceoflifecontinuestoincrease,/wearefastlosingtheartofrelaxation./Onceyouareinthehabitofrushingthroughlife,/itishardtoslowdown./Butrelaxationisessentialforahealthymindandbody./Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylife./Infact,itisnotthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe./Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivation./Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutofcontrol/thatitcanleadtopoorperformance./Theamountofstressapersoncanwithstanddependsverymuchontheindivid-ual./Somepeoplearenotafraidofstress,/othersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties./Sincewecannotremovestressfromourlives,/weneedtofindwaystodealwithit./

266

Laws

  Beforelawswerewritten,therewasnosureway/ofknowingwhatwaspermittedandwhatwasforbid-den./Onejudgemightapplyonesetofrulestoacase/whileanotherjudgemightapplycompletelydifferentrulestoasimilarcase./Italldependedonthepersonaljudgmentofoneperson./

  Todaywefollowthecustomofrecordingourlaws./Rulespassedbyourlawmakersareprintedandavail-ableforeveryonetosee./Unlesslawsarepubliclyavailable,/wedonotregardthemasbinding./

  Eachofusissubjecttomanydifferentsetsoflaws./Somelawssaywhatispermitted,suchashowfastyoumaydrive./Otherlawssaywhatisrequired,suchaspayingafederalincometax./Stillotherlawssaywhatisprohibited,suchassmokinginelevators./IntheUnitedStates,federallawsapplytoeveryone/andstatelawsapplytoactivitieswithineachstate./

265

ThanksgivingDay

  ThanksgivingDayisoneofthemosttrulyAmericanholidaysintheUnitedStates/andismostcloselyconnectedwiththeearliesthistoryofthecountry./In1620,thesettlers,orPilgrims,sailedtoAmericaontheMayFlower,/seekingaplacewheretheycouldhavefreedomofworship./Afteratwo-monthtempestuousvoyagetheylandedatPlymouth,MassachusettsintheicyNovember./Duringtheirfirstwinter,overhalfofthesettlersdiedofstarvationorepidemics./Thosewhosurvivedbegansowinginthefirstspring./Allsummerlongtheywaitedfortheharvestswithgreatanxiety,/knowingthattheirlivesandthefutureexistenceofthecolony/dependedonthecomingharvest./Finallythefieldsproducedarichyieldbeyondexpectations./Andthereforeitwasdecided/thatadayofthanksgivingtotheLordbefixed./Yearslater,aPresidentoftheUnitedStatesproclaimedthefourthThursdayofNovemberasThanksgivingDayeveryyear./ThecelebrationofThanksgivingDayhasbeenobservedonthatdateuntiltoday.

264

TheFatherandHisSons

  Afatherhadafamilyofsonswhowereperpetuallyquarrelingamongthemselves./Whenhefailedtohealtheirdisputes,/hedeterminedtogivethemapracticalillustrationofdisunion;/andforthispurposehetoldthemtobringhimabundleofsticks./Whentheyhaddoneso,heplacedthefaggotintothehandsofeachoftheminsuccession,/andorderedthemtobreakitinpieces./Theytriedwithalltheirstrength,andwerenotabletodoit./Henextopenedthefaggot,/tookthesticksseparately,onebyone,/andagainputthemintohissons'hands,uponwhichtheybrokethemeasily./Hethenaddressedtheminthesewords:

/

"Mysons,ifyouareofonemind,andunitetoassisteachother,/youwillbeasthisfaggot,uninjuredbyalltheattemptsofyourenemies;/butifyouaredividedamongyourselves,/youwillbebrokenaseasilyasthesesticks."

263

Sleep

  Sleepispartofaperson'sdailyactivitycycle./Thereareseveraldifferentstagesofsleep,andtheytoooccurincycles./Ifyouareanaveragesleeper,yoursleepcycleisasfollows./Whenyoufirstdriftoffintosleep,youreyeswillrollaboutabit,yourtemperaturewilldropslightly,/yourmuscleswillrelax,andyourbreathingwillslowandbecomequiteregular./Yourbrainwavesslowdownabit,too,/witharhythmofratherfastwavespredominatingforthefirstfewminutes./ThisiscalledStage1sleep./Forthenexthalfhourorso,asyourelaxmoreandmore,/youwilldriftdownthroughStage2andStage3sleep./Theloweryourstageofsleep,thesloweryourbrainwaveswillbe./Thenabout40to69minutesafteryouloseconsciousness/youwillhavereachedthedeepestsleepofall./Yourbrainwillshowthelargeslowwaves./ThisisStage4sleep.

262

SocialandPhysicalDistance

  Socialdistancemayaffecthowopenlyemployeesspeakabouttheirwork./Peopleofthesamerankmaytalkfranklytooneanotherabouthowthingsaregoing./However,theymaybelesshonestwithsomeonehigherupinthehierarchy/forfearofprejudicingtheirpositioninthecompany./Forthisreasonemployeesoftenalterthefactstotellthebosswhatheorshewantstohear./Onewayofreducingsocialdistanceistocutclowntheways/inwhichemployeescanindicatehigherstatus./Physicaldistancecanaffecthowwellpeoplecommunicate./Thefartherawayonepersonisfromanother,thelessoftentheycommunicate./Someresearchhasshownthatwhenthedistanceismorethan10meters,/theprobabilityofcommunicatingatleastonceaweekisonly8%./Themostimportantthingforallmanagerstoremember/isthatcommunicationisatwo-wayprocess./Theyshouldencouragetheiremployeestoaskquestions/andtoreacttowhatthemanagersaresaying.

261

TheHistoricalSignificanceofAmericanRevolution

  TheAmericanRevolutionrepresentsthelinkbetweentheseventeenthcentury,/inwhichmodernEnglandbecameconsciousofitself,/andtheawakeningofmodernEuropeattheendoftheeighteenthcentury./ItmayseemstrangethatthemarchofhistoryshouldhavehadtocrosstheAtlanticOcean,/butonlyintheNorthAmericancoloniescouldastraggleforcivicliberty/leadalsotothefoundationofanewnation./Here,inthepopularrisingagainsta"tyrannical"government,/thefruitsweremorethanthesecuringofafreerconstitution./Theyincludedthegrowthofanationhorninlibertybythewillofthepeople,/notfromtherootsofcommondescent,/ageographicentity,ortheambitionsofkingordynasty./WiththeAmericannation,/forthefirsttime,anationwasborn,/notinthedimpastofhistory/butbeforetheeyesofthewholeworld.

260

Salt

  Wedonotknowwhenmanfirstbegantousesalt,/butwedoknowthatithasbeenusedinmanydifferentways./Historicalevidenceshowsthatpeoplewholivedover3,000yearsagoatesaltedfish./ThousandsofyearsagoinEgypt,/saltwasusedtoembalmthedead./Stealingsaltwasconsideredamajorcrimeduringsomeerasofhistory./Inthe18thcentury',ifapersonwascaughtstealingsalt,/hecouldbeputinjail./Saltwasanimportantitemonthetableofroyalty./ItwastraditionallyplacedinfrontoftheKingwhenhesatdowntoeat./IntheearlydaysintheU.S.,saltwasveryscarce./Sothestorekeeperofpioneerdayswasverycarefulwithhissalt./inthemodernworldsalthasmanyusesbeyondthediningtable./Itisusedinmakingglassandairplaneparts,/growingcropsandkillingweeds.

259

Thereareveryoftenstrongopinionsexpressedaboutwhatmakesagoodwine./Atasimplelevel,agoodwineisonethatyouenjoydrinking./Butwhydoyoupreferonewinetoanother?

/Tojudgeawinetherearethreebasicsensesthathavetobeemployed:

/thesenseofsight,thesenseofsmell,andthesenseoftaste./Ofthesethree,tasteisbyfarthemostcomplex,butsightandsmellarepowerful./Thewrongcolourorthewrongsmellenablesawinetobediscarded/withouttasteevenbeinginvolved./Havingexaminedthewine,/youcannowgetonanddrinkit./Buttryandrememberyourcon