阅读复杂句解析.docx

阅读复杂句解析.docx

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阅读复杂句解析

一、定语从句

一、定语从句　　定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。

在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。

对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。

此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。

例1.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementofthenewageandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsomonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.（1996年真题）

例2.TheAmericaneconomicsystemis,organizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.

例3.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofamodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.

例4.Thegovernmentpromisedtogivepreferentialtaxationpoliciesandloansoflowinterestratetothoseenterprisesthatcouldimprovetheirstructureofproductionandwerewillingtotakeinover50laid-offworkersyearly.

例5.Thelocalgovernmentintroducedthesnakesintothisareahopingthattheywouldcontrolthenumberofmice,whichfinallybecamethethreatneededtobecontrolled.

例6.Theenvironmentalprotectionshouldbegivenprioritywhichmeanstheeconomicdevelopmentwouldbeloweredtosomeextentinadevelopingcountry.例7.Shewasconfirmedtobeinfectedwithbirdfluthatcallsforaquarantineandmedicalobservationforweeksinthehospital.

例8.InEurope,aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.〔2005〕

二、同位语从句

例1.TheaudienceleranedformtheinternetthenewsthataseriousexplosionbrokeoutinXi’anafewdaysago.

例2.Therumorthatsheelopedwithherboyfriendjustcannotholdwater,forIsawherathomejustnow.

例3.However,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.（2021年第3篇）

三、倒装句

倒装（inversion）是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子构造的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。

英语的最根本的构造是主、谓构造，倒装就是将这种比拟固定的词序加以颠倒。

　　倒装有两种。

将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装（pleteinversion）。

如Thenbeganabitterwarbetweenthetwocountries.于是两国之间开场了恶战。

只将助动词（包括情态动词）移至主语之前，叫做局部倒装（partialinversion）。

如Atnotimewastheentranceleftunguarded.入口无时无人把守。

　　英语句子的倒装一是由于语法构造的需要而进展的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进展的倒装。

前一种情况，倒装是必须的，否那么就会出现语法错误，后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。

　　例1Amongtheadvantagesthatfuturebiochips,or“livingputers〞,wouldhaveoverconventionalsemiconductorchipsarethattheyaresmaller,theydonotgenerateasmuchheat,andtheyallowfortheparallelprocessingofinformation,makingthemfasterthantoday’ssemiconductordevices.

例2Thisistheworldoutofwhichgrowsthehope,forthefirsttimeinhistory,ofasocietywheretherewillbefreedomfromwantandfreedomfromfear.

注意：

调整语序，加强语气。

以Therebe引出的倒装句

a.Thereseemtobemanygoodcandidatesinthedistrict.

b.Thereexistmanyproblemsamongthepresentdaystudents.

c.Thereappearstobeamaninblackinthedistance.

以副词here,there,then,now,next引出的倒装句

a.Hereetherestoftheparty.

b.Nowesyourturn.

c.Thenfollowedthediscoveryofanewpound.

d.NextcameEdwardwithhiswife.

以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句

a.Attheschoolgatestoodaguard.

b.Underthetreearesittingsomestudents.

c.Onthebedlayaprettykitten.

主语为代词时，不用倒装

Behindthecounterhestood.

Behindthecounterstoodamanwithglasses.

以表方位的副词引出的倒装句

a.Upwentthearrowintotheair.

b.Downfelladozenapples.

c.Offwentthehorse.

not短语置于句首

a.Notuntilhewentabroaddidheknowthetruthofthefact.

b.Notamomentdidshewasteoncampus.

c.NotonlydidIknowher,butIwasherbestfriend.

d.Notsimpleisthisbookinteresting,butalsoinstructive.

no短语置于句首

a.Bynomeansshouldhebeleftalone.

b.Innowayarecanweallowthistocontinue.

c.Innocaseareyoutoleaveyourpost.

d.Onnoaccountshouldwefollowblindly.

e.Undernocircumstancescanwecreateordestroyenergy.

f.Nolongeraretheystayingwithus.

g.Nosoonerhadshefinishedthepoemthanthestudentsbegangoaskherquestions.

only置于句首

a.Onlybythismeansisitpossibletoexplainhisfailuretoactdecisively.

b.Onlyaftermakinginvestigationcanwehavetherighttospeak.

c.Onlywhenonelosesfreedomdoesoneknowitsvalue.

比拟状语从句中的倒装

a.HeranasfastasdidthepersonwhocamefromEngland.

b.Ispendlessthandonineoutoftenpeopleinmyposition.

c.Thegreaterthenumberofthefreeelectronsinamaterial,thebetteristheconductivityofthematerial.

让步状语从句中的倒装

a.Smallasatoms,electronsarestillsmaller.

b.plexasitmayappear,therocket,whichwasinventedinChinaover800yearsago,isarelativelysimpledevice.

c.HardasItriedtoexplainittohim,hestilldidn’tunderstand.

d.MuchasIdisagreewithyou,Iyetrespectyou.

e.Vaguethoughitscategory（is）,itiswithoutdoubtanessay.

f.Tryashewould,hecouldnotlifttherock.

四、被动语态

1.变为汉语的主动形式

e.g.Inhisattitudecanbefoundseedsforartinthe20thcentury:

theartoftheprimitive,ofsymbol,andofimagination.

e.g.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset：

itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetestedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.

e.g.Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingpared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.

e.g.Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.

2.被动构造的表语化，可译为：

“是…的〞，“由…的〞等。

e.g.ThemovementtoopposeracialdiscriminationwaspersonallyinitiatedandledbyafamousNegroleader.

e.g.ThispicturewastakenbymybrotherashewenttoYunnan.

3.译成具有被动意义的汉语构造。

e.g.Forallthehelpthisputermayprovide,itshouldnotbeseenasasubstituteforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.

e.g.Itshouldbemadecleartoentirecitizensthatwhoeverenjoysrightsmustundertakecorrespondingobligations.

e.g.Thosewhosupportthe“nature〞sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.

e.g.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.

4.增添“人们〞、“大家〞等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。

e.g.Withthenewtechnique,measurementwasclaimedtobemuchmoreprecise.

e.g.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthemonmindcanbebynomeansparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.

e.g.Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.

综合例题：

Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.〔2007年真题〕

五、形式主语〔宾语〕构造

1.Itis+adjective/noun+clause

注意：

先翻从句局部，再翻形容词/名词局部。

a.Soitisquitesadwhendivorcesewithsmallprovocations,whenparentsandchildrengiveupononeanother,whenfriendshipsfalteratthefirstinjury,forthusweforfeitagreatworkofart——thelonglove.

b.ItisthusnoexaggerationthatAmericanshavetakentomechanicalcoolingavidlyandgreedily.

c.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions.

2.Itis+adjective+infinitiveto

注意：

先翻不定式局部，再翻形容词局部。

a.Itisextremelywastefultogiveyearsoftrainingatpublicexpenseonlytohavethequalifiedteacherornursemarryafterayearoftwoandbelostforevertoherprofession.

b.Itisessentialformodernmentomasteroneortwoforeignlanguages.

c.Itisdifficultforustoover-praisethebook.

3.Itis+pastparticiple+that-clause

注意：

先翻过去分词局部，再翻从句局部。

a.ItisreportedthatSadamHusseinwasbetrayedbyhisjanissary.

b.Itissaidthat

c.Itisbelievedthat

d.Itisrumoredthat

e.Itisestimatedthat

f.Itisknownthat

g.Itisarguedthat

六、强调句型

例1.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirinesthattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.

七、并列平行构造

　　英语常用并列连词，如：

and,but,so,yet,for,nor,or,notonly:

..butalso,either…or或neither…nor等连接两个或几个同等成分，这种构造称为并列构造。

连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。

　　例1Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.（1995年真题）　　例2AstrophysicistsworkingwithgroundbaseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoonborneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.（1998年真题）　　例3Itisnotthat（不是）thescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthat（而是）thelatter（后者）isamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer（前者）。

（1993年真题）

八、省略句型